Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Respiratory In Vitro Tissue Models for Chemical Screening and Risk-Based Decision Making
Risk of lung damage from inhaled chemicals or substances has long been assessed using animal models. However, New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that replace, reduce, and/or refine the use of animals in safety testing such as 2D and 3D cultures are increasingly being used to understand human-relevant...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/113 |
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| author | Joanne Wallace Mary C. McElroy Mitchell Klausner Richard Corley Seyoum Ayehunie |
| author_facet | Joanne Wallace Mary C. McElroy Mitchell Klausner Richard Corley Seyoum Ayehunie |
| author_sort | Joanne Wallace |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Risk of lung damage from inhaled chemicals or substances has long been assessed using animal models. However, New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that replace, reduce, and/or refine the use of animals in safety testing such as 2D and 3D cultures are increasingly being used to understand human-relevant toxicity responses and for the assessment of hazard identification. Here we review 2D and 3D lung models in terms of their application for inhalation toxicity assessment. We highlight a key case study for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in which a 3D model was used to assess human toxicity and replace the requirement for a 90-day inhalation toxicity study in rats. Finally, we consider the regulatory guidelines for the application of NAMs and potential use of different lung models for aerosol toxicity studies depending on the regulatory requirement/context of use. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c5f569c872e9442b8f8a7907e490be21 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj-art-c5f569c872e9442b8f8a7907e490be212025-01-24T13:45:26ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-01-0118111310.3390/ph18010113Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Respiratory In Vitro Tissue Models for Chemical Screening and Risk-Based Decision MakingJoanne Wallace0Mary C. McElroy1Mitchell Klausner2Richard Corley3Seyoum Ayehunie4Charles River Laboratories, Edinburgh EH33 2NE, UKCharles River Laboratories, Edinburgh EH33 2NE, UKMatTek Corporation, Ashland, MA 01721, USAGreek Creek Toxicokinetics Consulting LLC, Boise, ID 83714, USAMatTek Corporation, Ashland, MA 01721, USARisk of lung damage from inhaled chemicals or substances has long been assessed using animal models. However, New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that replace, reduce, and/or refine the use of animals in safety testing such as 2D and 3D cultures are increasingly being used to understand human-relevant toxicity responses and for the assessment of hazard identification. Here we review 2D and 3D lung models in terms of their application for inhalation toxicity assessment. We highlight a key case study for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in which a 3D model was used to assess human toxicity and replace the requirement for a 90-day inhalation toxicity study in rats. Finally, we consider the regulatory guidelines for the application of NAMs and potential use of different lung models for aerosol toxicity studies depending on the regulatory requirement/context of use.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/1132D and 3D lung modelsinhaled chemical safety assessmentin vitrohumanratcomputational modeling |
| spellingShingle | Joanne Wallace Mary C. McElroy Mitchell Klausner Richard Corley Seyoum Ayehunie Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Respiratory In Vitro Tissue Models for Chemical Screening and Risk-Based Decision Making Pharmaceuticals 2D and 3D lung models inhaled chemical safety assessment in vitro human rat computational modeling |
| title | Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Respiratory In Vitro Tissue Models for Chemical Screening and Risk-Based Decision Making |
| title_full | Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Respiratory In Vitro Tissue Models for Chemical Screening and Risk-Based Decision Making |
| title_fullStr | Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Respiratory In Vitro Tissue Models for Chemical Screening and Risk-Based Decision Making |
| title_full_unstemmed | Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Respiratory In Vitro Tissue Models for Chemical Screening and Risk-Based Decision Making |
| title_short | Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Respiratory In Vitro Tissue Models for Chemical Screening and Risk-Based Decision Making |
| title_sort | two and three dimensional culture systems respiratory in vitro tissue models for chemical screening and risk based decision making |
| topic | 2D and 3D lung models inhaled chemical safety assessment in vitro human rat computational modeling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/1/113 |
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