Food-Induced Adverse Reactions: A Review of Physiological Food Quality Control, Mucosal Defense Mechanisms, and Gastrointestinal Physiology
Although food is essential for the survival of organisms, it can also trigger a variety of adverse reactions, ranging from nutrient intolerances to celiac disease and food allergies. Food not only contains essential nutrients but also includes numerous substances that may have positive or negative e...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Toxics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/1/61 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832587409099849728 |
|---|---|
| author | Dongdong Guo Chang Liu Hongkang Zhu Yuliang Cheng Xiang Huo Yahui Guo He Qian |
| author_facet | Dongdong Guo Chang Liu Hongkang Zhu Yuliang Cheng Xiang Huo Yahui Guo He Qian |
| author_sort | Dongdong Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although food is essential for the survival of organisms, it can also trigger a variety of adverse reactions, ranging from nutrient intolerances to celiac disease and food allergies. Food not only contains essential nutrients but also includes numerous substances that may have positive or negative effects on the consuming organism. To protect against potentially harmful components, all animals have evolved defense mechanisms, which are similar to antimicrobial defenses but often come at the cost of the organism’s health. When these defensive responses are exaggerated or misdirected, they can lead to adverse food reactions, where the costs outweigh the benefits. Furthermore, due to the persistent toxicity of harmful food components, the failure of defense mechanisms can also result in pathological effects triggered by food. This article review presents a food quality control framework that aims to clarify how these reactions relate to normal physiological processes. Organisms utilize several systems to coexist with symbiotic microbes, regulate them, and concurrently avoid, expel, or neutralize harmful pathogens. Similarly, food quality control systems allow organisms to absorb necessary nutrients while defending against low-quality or harmful components in food. Although many microbes are lethal in the absence of antimicrobial defenses, diseases related to microbiome dysregulation, such as inflammatory bowel disease, have significantly increased. Antitoxin defenses also come with costs and may fail due to insufficiencies, exaggerations, or misdirected actions, ultimately leading to adverse food reactions. With the changes in human diet and lifestyle, the failure of defense mechanisms has contributed to the rising incidence of food intolerances. This review explores the mechanisms of antitoxin defenses and analyzes how their failure can lead to adverse food reactions, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive understanding of food quality control mechanisms for developing more effective treatments for food-triggered diseases. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1d17851e77d84ab1ac3647e3c53479e5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj-art-1d17851e77d84ab1ac3647e3c53479e52025-01-24T13:51:07ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042025-01-011316110.3390/toxics13010061Food-Induced Adverse Reactions: A Review of Physiological Food Quality Control, Mucosal Defense Mechanisms, and Gastrointestinal PhysiologyDongdong Guo0Chang Liu1Hongkang Zhu2Yuliang Cheng3Xiang Huo4Yahui Guo5He Qian6State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms for Emerging and Outbreaks of Major Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Health Emergency Response, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaAlthough food is essential for the survival of organisms, it can also trigger a variety of adverse reactions, ranging from nutrient intolerances to celiac disease and food allergies. Food not only contains essential nutrients but also includes numerous substances that may have positive or negative effects on the consuming organism. To protect against potentially harmful components, all animals have evolved defense mechanisms, which are similar to antimicrobial defenses but often come at the cost of the organism’s health. When these defensive responses are exaggerated or misdirected, they can lead to adverse food reactions, where the costs outweigh the benefits. Furthermore, due to the persistent toxicity of harmful food components, the failure of defense mechanisms can also result in pathological effects triggered by food. This article review presents a food quality control framework that aims to clarify how these reactions relate to normal physiological processes. Organisms utilize several systems to coexist with symbiotic microbes, regulate them, and concurrently avoid, expel, or neutralize harmful pathogens. Similarly, food quality control systems allow organisms to absorb necessary nutrients while defending against low-quality or harmful components in food. Although many microbes are lethal in the absence of antimicrobial defenses, diseases related to microbiome dysregulation, such as inflammatory bowel disease, have significantly increased. Antitoxin defenses also come with costs and may fail due to insufficiencies, exaggerations, or misdirected actions, ultimately leading to adverse food reactions. With the changes in human diet and lifestyle, the failure of defense mechanisms has contributed to the rising incidence of food intolerances. This review explores the mechanisms of antitoxin defenses and analyzes how their failure can lead to adverse food reactions, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive understanding of food quality control mechanisms for developing more effective treatments for food-triggered diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/1/61food quality and safety managementfood toxicity and allergic reactionshost immune defense mechanismsgastrointestinal response mechanisms |
| spellingShingle | Dongdong Guo Chang Liu Hongkang Zhu Yuliang Cheng Xiang Huo Yahui Guo He Qian Food-Induced Adverse Reactions: A Review of Physiological Food Quality Control, Mucosal Defense Mechanisms, and Gastrointestinal Physiology Toxics food quality and safety management food toxicity and allergic reactions host immune defense mechanisms gastrointestinal response mechanisms |
| title | Food-Induced Adverse Reactions: A Review of Physiological Food Quality Control, Mucosal Defense Mechanisms, and Gastrointestinal Physiology |
| title_full | Food-Induced Adverse Reactions: A Review of Physiological Food Quality Control, Mucosal Defense Mechanisms, and Gastrointestinal Physiology |
| title_fullStr | Food-Induced Adverse Reactions: A Review of Physiological Food Quality Control, Mucosal Defense Mechanisms, and Gastrointestinal Physiology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Food-Induced Adverse Reactions: A Review of Physiological Food Quality Control, Mucosal Defense Mechanisms, and Gastrointestinal Physiology |
| title_short | Food-Induced Adverse Reactions: A Review of Physiological Food Quality Control, Mucosal Defense Mechanisms, and Gastrointestinal Physiology |
| title_sort | food induced adverse reactions a review of physiological food quality control mucosal defense mechanisms and gastrointestinal physiology |
| topic | food quality and safety management food toxicity and allergic reactions host immune defense mechanisms gastrointestinal response mechanisms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/1/61 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dongdongguo foodinducedadversereactionsareviewofphysiologicalfoodqualitycontrolmucosaldefensemechanismsandgastrointestinalphysiology AT changliu foodinducedadversereactionsareviewofphysiologicalfoodqualitycontrolmucosaldefensemechanismsandgastrointestinalphysiology AT hongkangzhu foodinducedadversereactionsareviewofphysiologicalfoodqualitycontrolmucosaldefensemechanismsandgastrointestinalphysiology AT yuliangcheng foodinducedadversereactionsareviewofphysiologicalfoodqualitycontrolmucosaldefensemechanismsandgastrointestinalphysiology AT xianghuo foodinducedadversereactionsareviewofphysiologicalfoodqualitycontrolmucosaldefensemechanismsandgastrointestinalphysiology AT yahuiguo foodinducedadversereactionsareviewofphysiologicalfoodqualitycontrolmucosaldefensemechanismsandgastrointestinalphysiology AT heqian foodinducedadversereactionsareviewofphysiologicalfoodqualitycontrolmucosaldefensemechanismsandgastrointestinalphysiology |