Linking North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water to ENSO: precursor signatures and subtropical cell pathways

Abstract Mode waters play a crucial role in ocean heat and carbon storage, as well as in climate variability. Here we reveal a strong relationship between the North Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water (NPESTMW) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. NPESTMW volume anomalies exhibit signi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: LingLing Liu, Jin-Yi Yu, Fan Wang, Jianing Wang, YongFu Lin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01147-0
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