Collision Milling of Oil Shale Ash as Constituent Pretreatment in Concrete 3D Printing
Concrete is an essential construction material, and infrastructures, such as bridges, tunnels, and power plants, consume large quantities of it. Future infrastructure demands and sustainability issues necessitate the adoption of non-conventional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). At the sa...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Infrastructures |
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| author | Lucija Hanžič Mateja Štefančič Katarina Šter Vesna Zalar Serjun Māris Šinka Alise Sapata Genādijs Šahmenko Evaldas Šerelis Baiba Migliniece Lidija Korat Bensa |
| author_facet | Lucija Hanžič Mateja Štefančič Katarina Šter Vesna Zalar Serjun Māris Šinka Alise Sapata Genādijs Šahmenko Evaldas Šerelis Baiba Migliniece Lidija Korat Bensa |
| author_sort | Lucija Hanžič |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Concrete is an essential construction material, and infrastructures, such as bridges, tunnels, and power plants, consume large quantities of it. Future infrastructure demands and sustainability issues necessitate the adoption of non-conventional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). At the same time, global labor shortages are compelling the conservative construction sector to implement autonomous and digital fabrication methods, such as 3D printing. This paper thus investigates the feasibility of using oil shale ash (OSA) as an SCM in concrete suitable for 3D printing, and collision milling is examined as a possible ash pretreatment. OSA from four different sources was collected and analyzed for its physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition. Concrete formulations containing ash were tested for mechanical performance, and the two best-performing formulations were assessed for printability. It was found that ash extracted from flue gases by the novel integrated desulfurizer has the greatest potential as an SCM due to globular particles that contain β-calcium silicate. The 56-day compression strength of concrete containing this type of ash is ~60 MPa, the same as in the reference composition. Overall, collision milling is effective in reducing the size of particles larger than 10 μm but does not seem beneficial for ash extracted from flue gasses. However, milling bottom ash may unlock its potential as an SCM, with the optimal milling frequency being ~100 Hz. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fb8e835a8cce4d52b6d345ca3d55e04e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2412-3811 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Infrastructures |
| spelling | doaj-art-fb8e835a8cce4d52b6d345ca3d55e04e2025-01-24T13:35:25ZengMDPI AGInfrastructures2412-38112025-01-011011810.3390/infrastructures10010018Collision Milling of Oil Shale Ash as Constituent Pretreatment in Concrete 3D PrintingLucija Hanžič0Mateja Štefančič1Katarina Šter2Vesna Zalar Serjun3Māris Šinka4Alise Sapata5Genādijs Šahmenko6Evaldas Šerelis7Baiba Migliniece8Lidija Korat Bensa9Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaSlovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaSlovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaSlovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute of Sustainable Building Materials and Engineering Systems, Riga Technical University (RTU), LV-1048 Riga, LatviaInstitute of Sustainable Building Materials and Engineering Systems, Riga Technical University (RTU), LV-1048 Riga, LatviaInstitute of Sustainable Building Materials and Engineering Systems, Riga Technical University (RTU), LV-1048 Riga, LatviaFaculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), 51367 Kaunas, LithuaniaSakret, LV-2121 Rumbula, LatviaSlovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaConcrete is an essential construction material, and infrastructures, such as bridges, tunnels, and power plants, consume large quantities of it. Future infrastructure demands and sustainability issues necessitate the adoption of non-conventional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). At the same time, global labor shortages are compelling the conservative construction sector to implement autonomous and digital fabrication methods, such as 3D printing. This paper thus investigates the feasibility of using oil shale ash (OSA) as an SCM in concrete suitable for 3D printing, and collision milling is examined as a possible ash pretreatment. OSA from four different sources was collected and analyzed for its physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition. Concrete formulations containing ash were tested for mechanical performance, and the two best-performing formulations were assessed for printability. It was found that ash extracted from flue gases by the novel integrated desulfurizer has the greatest potential as an SCM due to globular particles that contain β-calcium silicate. The 56-day compression strength of concrete containing this type of ash is ~60 MPa, the same as in the reference composition. Overall, collision milling is effective in reducing the size of particles larger than 10 μm but does not seem beneficial for ash extracted from flue gasses. However, milling bottom ash may unlock its potential as an SCM, with the optimal milling frequency being ~100 Hz.https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/10/1/18digital concrete3D printingoil shale ashsupplementary cementitious materialcollision milling |
| spellingShingle | Lucija Hanžič Mateja Štefančič Katarina Šter Vesna Zalar Serjun Māris Šinka Alise Sapata Genādijs Šahmenko Evaldas Šerelis Baiba Migliniece Lidija Korat Bensa Collision Milling of Oil Shale Ash as Constituent Pretreatment in Concrete 3D Printing Infrastructures digital concrete 3D printing oil shale ash supplementary cementitious material collision milling |
| title | Collision Milling of Oil Shale Ash as Constituent Pretreatment in Concrete 3D Printing |
| title_full | Collision Milling of Oil Shale Ash as Constituent Pretreatment in Concrete 3D Printing |
| title_fullStr | Collision Milling of Oil Shale Ash as Constituent Pretreatment in Concrete 3D Printing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Collision Milling of Oil Shale Ash as Constituent Pretreatment in Concrete 3D Printing |
| title_short | Collision Milling of Oil Shale Ash as Constituent Pretreatment in Concrete 3D Printing |
| title_sort | collision milling of oil shale ash as constituent pretreatment in concrete 3d printing |
| topic | digital concrete 3D printing oil shale ash supplementary cementitious material collision milling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/10/1/18 |
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