Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick Embryos
Research on the immunological development of lymphoid organs in chicks has been extensive, yet a significant gap exists in our understanding of innate immunity during embryonic life within the intestinal tract. This study investigated the developmental trajectory of intestinal immunity in chick embr...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/2/186 |
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| author | Shreeya Sharma Mohammadali Alizadeh Scott Pratt Alexis Stamatikos Khaled Abdelaziz |
| author_facet | Shreeya Sharma Mohammadali Alizadeh Scott Pratt Alexis Stamatikos Khaled Abdelaziz |
| author_sort | Shreeya Sharma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Research on the immunological development of lymphoid organs in chicks has been extensive, yet a significant gap exists in our understanding of innate immunity during embryonic life within the intestinal tract. This study investigated the developmental trajectory of intestinal immunity in chick embryos by evaluating basal gene expression levels of key immune markers at embryonic days (ED) 14, 17, and 20. The results indicated variable expression levels of cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and Toll-like receptor (TLRs) genes throughout the intestinal tract. Most cytokines and chemokines exhibited elevated expression in the cecum, while AMPs, including avian-β-defensins (AvBDs) and cathelicidins (CATHs) genes, showed increased levels in the jejunum at ED20. The findings from the developmental trajectory analysis of these genes revealed elevated expression levels of cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, and transforming-growth factor (TGF)-β in the cecum at ED20. However, no consistent patterns were observed for AvBDs, CATHs, and TLRs, as their expression varied across different developmental stages of the chick embryo. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of intestinal immune system development in chick embryos and provide a foundation for further research aimed at enhancing immune capabilities, especially in segments with lower expression levels of immunomodulatory genes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f7af2536e44e4a0f8c03aad5893c06c5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-f7af2536e44e4a0f8c03aad5893c06c52025-08-20T03:12:07ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812025-02-0112218610.3390/vetsci12020186Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick EmbryosShreeya Sharma0Mohammadali Alizadeh1Scott Pratt2Alexis Stamatikos3Khaled Abdelaziz4Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USADepartment of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaDepartment of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USADepartment of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USADepartment of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USAResearch on the immunological development of lymphoid organs in chicks has been extensive, yet a significant gap exists in our understanding of innate immunity during embryonic life within the intestinal tract. This study investigated the developmental trajectory of intestinal immunity in chick embryos by evaluating basal gene expression levels of key immune markers at embryonic days (ED) 14, 17, and 20. The results indicated variable expression levels of cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and Toll-like receptor (TLRs) genes throughout the intestinal tract. Most cytokines and chemokines exhibited elevated expression in the cecum, while AMPs, including avian-β-defensins (AvBDs) and cathelicidins (CATHs) genes, showed increased levels in the jejunum at ED20. The findings from the developmental trajectory analysis of these genes revealed elevated expression levels of cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, and transforming-growth factor (TGF)-β in the cecum at ED20. However, no consistent patterns were observed for AvBDs, CATHs, and TLRs, as their expression varied across different developmental stages of the chick embryo. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of intestinal immune system development in chick embryos and provide a foundation for further research aimed at enhancing immune capabilities, especially in segments with lower expression levels of immunomodulatory genes.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/2/186chickensembryocytokineantimicrobial peptidesintestinetoll-like receptors |
| spellingShingle | Shreeya Sharma Mohammadali Alizadeh Scott Pratt Alexis Stamatikos Khaled Abdelaziz Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick Embryos Veterinary Sciences chickens embryo cytokine antimicrobial peptides intestine toll-like receptors |
| title | Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick Embryos |
| title_full | Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick Embryos |
| title_fullStr | Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick Embryos |
| title_full_unstemmed | Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick Embryos |
| title_short | Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick Embryos |
| title_sort | differential expression of key immune markers in the intestinal tract of developing chick embryos |
| topic | chickens embryo cytokine antimicrobial peptides intestine toll-like receptors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/2/186 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shreeyasharma differentialexpressionofkeyimmunemarkersintheintestinaltractofdevelopingchickembryos AT mohammadalializadeh differentialexpressionofkeyimmunemarkersintheintestinaltractofdevelopingchickembryos AT scottpratt differentialexpressionofkeyimmunemarkersintheintestinaltractofdevelopingchickembryos AT alexisstamatikos differentialexpressionofkeyimmunemarkersintheintestinaltractofdevelopingchickembryos AT khaledabdelaziz differentialexpressionofkeyimmunemarkersintheintestinaltractofdevelopingchickembryos |