Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications
Lock-in amplifiers (LIAs) are critical tools in precision measurement, particularly for applications involving weak signals obscured by noise. Advances in signal processing algorithms and hardware synthesis have enabled accurate signal extraction, even in extremely noisy environments, making LIAs in...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/584 |
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| author | Jose Alejandro Galaviz-Aguilar Cesar Vargas-Rosales Francisco Falcone Carlos Aguilar-Avelar |
| author_facet | Jose Alejandro Galaviz-Aguilar Cesar Vargas-Rosales Francisco Falcone Carlos Aguilar-Avelar |
| author_sort | Jose Alejandro Galaviz-Aguilar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lock-in amplifiers (LIAs) are critical tools in precision measurement, particularly for applications involving weak signals obscured by noise. Advances in signal processing algorithms and hardware synthesis have enabled accurate signal extraction, even in extremely noisy environments, making LIAs indispensable in sensor applications for healthcare, industry, and other services. For instance, the electrical impedance measurement of the human body, organs, tissues, and cells, known as bioelectrical impedance, is commonly used in biomedical and healthcare applications because it is non-invasive and relatively inexpensive. Also, due to its portability and miniaturization capabilities, it has great potential for the development of new point-of-care and portable testing devices. In this document, we highlight existing techniques for high-frequency resolution and precise phase detection in LIA reference signals from field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs. A comprehensive review is presented under the key requirements and techniques for single- and dual-phase digital LIA architectures, where relevant insights are provided to address the LIAs’ digital precision in measurement system configurations. Furthermore, the document highlights a novel method to enhance the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), thereby advancing the precision and effectiveness of LIAs in complex measurement environments. Finally, we summarize the diverse applications of impedance measurement, highlighting the wide range of fields that can benefit from the design of high performance in modern measurement technologies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f61f40b3b01347fc98a97b744904929b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-f61f40b3b01347fc98a97b744904929b2025-01-24T13:49:26ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-01-0125258410.3390/s25020584Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement ApplicationsJose Alejandro Galaviz-Aguilar0Cesar Vargas-Rosales1Francisco Falcone2Carlos Aguilar-Avelar3Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey 64849, MexicoTecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey 64849, MexicoTecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Monterrey 64849, MexicoFacultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21280, MexicoLock-in amplifiers (LIAs) are critical tools in precision measurement, particularly for applications involving weak signals obscured by noise. Advances in signal processing algorithms and hardware synthesis have enabled accurate signal extraction, even in extremely noisy environments, making LIAs indispensable in sensor applications for healthcare, industry, and other services. For instance, the electrical impedance measurement of the human body, organs, tissues, and cells, known as bioelectrical impedance, is commonly used in biomedical and healthcare applications because it is non-invasive and relatively inexpensive. Also, due to its portability and miniaturization capabilities, it has great potential for the development of new point-of-care and portable testing devices. In this document, we highlight existing techniques for high-frequency resolution and precise phase detection in LIA reference signals from field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs. A comprehensive review is presented under the key requirements and techniques for single- and dual-phase digital LIA architectures, where relevant insights are provided to address the LIAs’ digital precision in measurement system configurations. Furthermore, the document highlights a novel method to enhance the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), thereby advancing the precision and effectiveness of LIAs in complex measurement environments. Finally, we summarize the diverse applications of impedance measurement, highlighting the wide range of fields that can benefit from the design of high performance in modern measurement technologies.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/584additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)lock-in amplifiers (LIAs)field-programmable gate array (FPGA)phase sensitive detector (PSD)spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) |
| spellingShingle | Jose Alejandro Galaviz-Aguilar Cesar Vargas-Rosales Francisco Falcone Carlos Aguilar-Avelar Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications Sensors additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) lock-in amplifiers (LIAs) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) phase sensitive detector (PSD) spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) |
| title | Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications |
| title_full | Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications |
| title_fullStr | Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications |
| title_short | Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-Based Lock-In Amplifier System with Signal Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review on the Design for Advanced Measurement Applications |
| title_sort | field programmable gate array fpga based lock in amplifier system with signal enhancement a comprehensive review on the design for advanced measurement applications |
| topic | additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) lock-in amplifiers (LIAs) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) phase sensitive detector (PSD) spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/584 |
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