Identification of the Bovine <i>CSN3</i> Core Promoter Region and the Relationships Between <i>CSN3</i> Promoter Polymorphisms and the <i>CSN3</i> A and B Alleles
Reportedly, the number of κ-casein (κ-CN) B alleles increases the proportion of κ-CN to total protein and the κ-CN content. This phenomenon is caused by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of <i>CSN3</i>, which encodes the B variant. Therefore, a series of 5′-de...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Wenqing Li Xiaoyang Wang Xiuyang Xu Pinhui Wu Tong Fu Liyang Zhang Tengyun Gao |
| author_facet | Wenqing Li Xiaoyang Wang Xiuyang Xu Pinhui Wu Tong Fu Liyang Zhang Tengyun Gao |
| author_sort | Wenqing Li |
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| description | Reportedly, the number of κ-casein (κ-CN) B alleles increases the proportion of κ-CN to total protein and the κ-CN content. This phenomenon is caused by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of <i>CSN3</i>, which encodes the B variant. Therefore, a series of 5′-deleted promoter plasmids were constructed to define the core promoter of <i>CSN3</i>. The promoter activity was analyzed by comparing the luciferase activity among the recombinant vectors with truncated promoters. No mutation occurred in the core promoter region (5′-ctatcgtcagatctttcctttctgtcatcttcctattggtg-3′) of <i>CSN3</i> in 40 cows. A 2092 bp promoter region of <i>CSN3</i> was re-sequenced for detection, and nine variants were found, of which only three variants had mutation frequencies > 40%, which were −1002T>−, −1654T>A, and −2039T>G. The <i>CSN3</i> promoter polymorphisms did not correlate with the <i>CSN3</i> A and B alleles according to the Pearson’s chi-square test (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Moreover, the luciferase activity analysis of the <i>CSN3</i> promoter showed no difference among pGL3 recombinants with different polymorphic <i>CSN3</i> promoters (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In the genetic selection of dairy cows, mutations in the <i>CSN3</i> core promoter should be focused upon. These findings provide a reference for the regulatory mechanism of bovine milk proteins and offer guidance for the genetic selection and breeding of cows. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e416a4d0fd6f4607a5ec5a5e5a9c2784 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj-art-e416a4d0fd6f4607a5ec5a5e5a9c27842025-01-24T13:17:41ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152025-01-0115213410.3390/ani15020134Identification of the Bovine <i>CSN3</i> Core Promoter Region and the Relationships Between <i>CSN3</i> Promoter Polymorphisms and the <i>CSN3</i> A and B AllelesWenqing Li0Xiaoyang Wang1Xiuyang Xu2Pinhui Wu3Tong Fu4Liyang Zhang5Tengyun Gao6College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaReportedly, the number of κ-casein (κ-CN) B alleles increases the proportion of κ-CN to total protein and the κ-CN content. This phenomenon is caused by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of <i>CSN3</i>, which encodes the B variant. Therefore, a series of 5′-deleted promoter plasmids were constructed to define the core promoter of <i>CSN3</i>. The promoter activity was analyzed by comparing the luciferase activity among the recombinant vectors with truncated promoters. No mutation occurred in the core promoter region (5′-ctatcgtcagatctttcctttctgtcatcttcctattggtg-3′) of <i>CSN3</i> in 40 cows. A 2092 bp promoter region of <i>CSN3</i> was re-sequenced for detection, and nine variants were found, of which only three variants had mutation frequencies > 40%, which were −1002T>−, −1654T>A, and −2039T>G. The <i>CSN3</i> promoter polymorphisms did not correlate with the <i>CSN3</i> A and B alleles according to the Pearson’s chi-square test (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Moreover, the luciferase activity analysis of the <i>CSN3</i> promoter showed no difference among pGL3 recombinants with different polymorphic <i>CSN3</i> promoters (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In the genetic selection of dairy cows, mutations in the <i>CSN3</i> core promoter should be focused upon. These findings provide a reference for the regulatory mechanism of bovine milk proteins and offer guidance for the genetic selection and breeding of cows.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/2/134<i>CSN3</i>promoterpolymorphismallele |
| spellingShingle | Wenqing Li Xiaoyang Wang Xiuyang Xu Pinhui Wu Tong Fu Liyang Zhang Tengyun Gao Identification of the Bovine <i>CSN3</i> Core Promoter Region and the Relationships Between <i>CSN3</i> Promoter Polymorphisms and the <i>CSN3</i> A and B Alleles Animals <i>CSN3</i> promoter polymorphism allele |
| title | Identification of the Bovine <i>CSN3</i> Core Promoter Region and the Relationships Between <i>CSN3</i> Promoter Polymorphisms and the <i>CSN3</i> A and B Alleles |
| title_full | Identification of the Bovine <i>CSN3</i> Core Promoter Region and the Relationships Between <i>CSN3</i> Promoter Polymorphisms and the <i>CSN3</i> A and B Alleles |
| title_fullStr | Identification of the Bovine <i>CSN3</i> Core Promoter Region and the Relationships Between <i>CSN3</i> Promoter Polymorphisms and the <i>CSN3</i> A and B Alleles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of the Bovine <i>CSN3</i> Core Promoter Region and the Relationships Between <i>CSN3</i> Promoter Polymorphisms and the <i>CSN3</i> A and B Alleles |
| title_short | Identification of the Bovine <i>CSN3</i> Core Promoter Region and the Relationships Between <i>CSN3</i> Promoter Polymorphisms and the <i>CSN3</i> A and B Alleles |
| title_sort | identification of the bovine i csn3 i core promoter region and the relationships between i csn3 i promoter polymorphisms and the i csn3 i a and b alleles |
| topic | <i>CSN3</i> promoter polymorphism allele |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/2/134 |
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