Effects of Evaporation and Body Thermal Plume on Cough Droplet Dispersion and Exposure Risk for Queuing People
The transmission of virus-containing droplets among multiple people in an outdoor environment is seldom evaluated. In this study, an Euler–Lagrange computational fluid dynamics approach was used to investigate the effects of evaporation and the body thermal plume on the dispersion of coughed droplet...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| author | Fengjiao Li Guoyi Jiang Fei Chen Weibin Yuan |
| author_facet | Fengjiao Li Guoyi Jiang Fei Chen Weibin Yuan |
| author_sort | Fengjiao Li |
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| description | The transmission of virus-containing droplets among multiple people in an outdoor environment is seldom evaluated. In this study, an Euler–Lagrange computational fluid dynamics approach was used to investigate the effects of evaporation and the body thermal plume on the dispersion of coughed droplets under various wind conditions, and the infection risk was evaluated for various arrangements of individuals queuing outdoors using virtual manikin models. The evaporation time was longer for larger droplets and in a more humid environment. Transient evaporation strongly affected the motion of droplets ranging in diameter from 60 to 150 μm. The body thermal plume affected airflow and particle dispersion under weak wind conditions, but its effect was negligible at wind speeds greater than 0.8 m/s. Droplets smaller than 100 μm could reach the head of a susceptible person, suggesting a high exposure risk. The exposure fraction and body deposition were highest in an all-male queue sequence and lowest for a male–female–male–female–male queue sequence. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e1b89a75fb0a4d69916cc20a8ea74b78 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj-art-e1b89a75fb0a4d69916cc20a8ea74b782025-01-24T13:38:30ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292024-12-011512810.3390/life15010028Effects of Evaporation and Body Thermal Plume on Cough Droplet Dispersion and Exposure Risk for Queuing PeopleFengjiao Li0Guoyi Jiang1Fei Chen2Weibin Yuan3Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaDepartment of Civil Engineering and Smart Cities, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, ChinaDepartment of Civil Engineering and Smart Cities, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, ChinaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310012, ChinaThe transmission of virus-containing droplets among multiple people in an outdoor environment is seldom evaluated. In this study, an Euler–Lagrange computational fluid dynamics approach was used to investigate the effects of evaporation and the body thermal plume on the dispersion of coughed droplets under various wind conditions, and the infection risk was evaluated for various arrangements of individuals queuing outdoors using virtual manikin models. The evaporation time was longer for larger droplets and in a more humid environment. Transient evaporation strongly affected the motion of droplets ranging in diameter from 60 to 150 μm. The body thermal plume affected airflow and particle dispersion under weak wind conditions, but its effect was negligible at wind speeds greater than 0.8 m/s. Droplets smaller than 100 μm could reach the head of a susceptible person, suggesting a high exposure risk. The exposure fraction and body deposition were highest in an all-male queue sequence and lowest for a male–female–male–female–male queue sequence.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/1/28droplet dispersioncoughvirtual manikincomputational fluid dynamics (CFD)outdoor environmentexposure risk |
| spellingShingle | Fengjiao Li Guoyi Jiang Fei Chen Weibin Yuan Effects of Evaporation and Body Thermal Plume on Cough Droplet Dispersion and Exposure Risk for Queuing People Life droplet dispersion cough virtual manikin computational fluid dynamics (CFD) outdoor environment exposure risk |
| title | Effects of Evaporation and Body Thermal Plume on Cough Droplet Dispersion and Exposure Risk for Queuing People |
| title_full | Effects of Evaporation and Body Thermal Plume on Cough Droplet Dispersion and Exposure Risk for Queuing People |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Evaporation and Body Thermal Plume on Cough Droplet Dispersion and Exposure Risk for Queuing People |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Evaporation and Body Thermal Plume on Cough Droplet Dispersion and Exposure Risk for Queuing People |
| title_short | Effects of Evaporation and Body Thermal Plume on Cough Droplet Dispersion and Exposure Risk for Queuing People |
| title_sort | effects of evaporation and body thermal plume on cough droplet dispersion and exposure risk for queuing people |
| topic | droplet dispersion cough virtual manikin computational fluid dynamics (CFD) outdoor environment exposure risk |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/1/28 |
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