Assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona score
BackgroundThe assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona (ACPE-Gi) score is a scale for evaluating the severity in the acute phase of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and predicting the risk of disability at 3 months, measured by modified Rankin scale (mRS).MethodsPatients were...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1447009/full |
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| author | Gary Álvarez Bravo Giuseppe Guglielmini Ana Quiroga Varela Almudena Boix Lago Ariadna Gifreu Fraixinó Daniele Urso Daniele Urso Daniele Urso Daniele Urso Giancarlo Logroscino Giancarlo Logroscino Giancarlo Logroscino Giancarlo Logroscino Lluís Ramió-Torrentà |
| author_facet | Gary Álvarez Bravo Giuseppe Guglielmini Ana Quiroga Varela Almudena Boix Lago Ariadna Gifreu Fraixinó Daniele Urso Daniele Urso Daniele Urso Daniele Urso Giancarlo Logroscino Giancarlo Logroscino Giancarlo Logroscino Giancarlo Logroscino Lluís Ramió-Torrentà |
| author_sort | Gary Álvarez Bravo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundThe assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona (ACPE-Gi) score is a scale for evaluating the severity in the acute phase of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and predicting the risk of disability at 3 months, measured by modified Rankin scale (mRS).MethodsPatients were strictly diagnosed with AE according to the current criteria between 1 January 2009 to 31 March 2023 at the University Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. ACPE-Gi score included 14 items, and every item was scored from 0 to 3, depending on their severity with a sum ranging from 0 to 41.ResultsACPE-Gi score measured the severity in the acute phase and grouped the patients into three groups: mild (<8; 32%), moderate (8 to 15; 60%), and severe (>15; 8%). We found that the third group had a higher risk of disability compared with the first group (p = 0.035). We identified that the mean initial score was significantly higher in the group of patients who had higher mRS at 3 months compared to that in the group of patients who had a mild to moderate disability level (mRS ≤ 2) at 3 months (p = 0.023). In addition, autonomic symptoms and mental status impairment demonstrated to be independent risk factors to predict disability (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe ACPE-Gi score seems to be a reliable scale for comprehensively evaluating the severity of AE in the acute phase and predicting the risk of disability at 3 months. Dysautonomia and altered mental status predict a poorer prognosis in patients with AE. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e07b9fc47c864010b77de4aa004570b3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-0640 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-e07b9fc47c864010b77de4aa004570b32025-01-29T06:46:11ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402025-01-011610.3389/fpsyt.2025.14470091447009Assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona scoreGary Álvarez Bravo0Giuseppe Guglielmini1Ana Quiroga Varela2Almudena Boix Lago3Ariadna Gifreu Fraixinó4Daniele Urso5Daniele Urso6Daniele Urso7Daniele Urso8Giancarlo Logroscino9Giancarlo Logroscino10Giancarlo Logroscino11Giancarlo Logroscino12Lluís Ramió-Torrentà13Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation group Unitat de Neuroimmunologia i Esclerosi Múltiple Territorial Girona, Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, SpainNeurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation group Unitat de Neuroimmunologia i Esclerosi Múltiple Territorial Girona, Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, SpainNeurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation group Unitat de Neuroimmunologia i Esclerosi Múltiple Territorial Girona, Institute of Biomedical Research of Girona, Girona, SpainNeurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation group Unitat de Neuroimmunologia i Esclerosi Múltiple Territorial Girona, Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, SpainNeurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation group Unitat de Neuroimmunologia i Esclerosi Múltiple Territorial Girona, Departamento de Neurologia, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, SpainCenter for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, “Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico”, Tricase, Lecce, ItalyDepartment of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United KingdomParkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, United KingdomDepartment of Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, ItalyCenter for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, “Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico”, Tricase, Lecce, ItalyDepartment of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United KingdomParkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, United KingdomDepartment of Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, ItalyNeurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation group Unitat de Neuroimmunologia i Esclerosi Múltiple Territorial Girona, Institute of Biomedical Research of Girona, Girona, SpainBackgroundThe assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona (ACPE-Gi) score is a scale for evaluating the severity in the acute phase of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and predicting the risk of disability at 3 months, measured by modified Rankin scale (mRS).MethodsPatients were strictly diagnosed with AE according to the current criteria between 1 January 2009 to 31 March 2023 at the University Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. ACPE-Gi score included 14 items, and every item was scored from 0 to 3, depending on their severity with a sum ranging from 0 to 41.ResultsACPE-Gi score measured the severity in the acute phase and grouped the patients into three groups: mild (<8; 32%), moderate (8 to 15; 60%), and severe (>15; 8%). We found that the third group had a higher risk of disability compared with the first group (p = 0.035). We identified that the mean initial score was significantly higher in the group of patients who had higher mRS at 3 months compared to that in the group of patients who had a mild to moderate disability level (mRS ≤ 2) at 3 months (p = 0.023). In addition, autonomic symptoms and mental status impairment demonstrated to be independent risk factors to predict disability (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe ACPE-Gi score seems to be a reliable scale for comprehensively evaluating the severity of AE in the acute phase and predicting the risk of disability at 3 months. Dysautonomia and altered mental status predict a poorer prognosis in patients with AE.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1447009/fullautoimmune encephalitisdysautonomiaaltered mental statusepilepsysteroids |
| spellingShingle | Gary Álvarez Bravo Giuseppe Guglielmini Ana Quiroga Varela Almudena Boix Lago Ariadna Gifreu Fraixinó Daniele Urso Daniele Urso Daniele Urso Daniele Urso Giancarlo Logroscino Giancarlo Logroscino Giancarlo Logroscino Giancarlo Logroscino Lluís Ramió-Torrentà Assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona score Frontiers in Psychiatry autoimmune encephalitis dysautonomia altered mental status epilepsy steroids |
| title | Assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona score |
| title_full | Assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona score |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona score |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona score |
| title_short | Assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis: Girona score |
| title_sort | assessment of clinical prognosis in autoimmune encephalitis girona score |
| topic | autoimmune encephalitis dysautonomia altered mental status epilepsy steroids |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1447009/full |
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