Underlying Mechanisms of Chromatographic H/D, H/F, <i>cis/trans</i> and Isomerism Effects in GC-MS
Charge-free gaseous molecules labeled with deuterium <sup>2</sup>H (D) atoms elute earlier than their protium-analogs <sup>1</sup>H (H) from most stationary GC phases. This effect is known as the chromatographic H/D isotope effect (<i>hd</i>IE<sub>C</sub&...
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| author | Dimitrios Tsikas |
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| description | Charge-free gaseous molecules labeled with deuterium <sup>2</sup>H (D) atoms elute earlier than their protium-analogs <sup>1</sup>H (H) from most stationary GC phases. This effect is known as the chromatographic H/D isotope effect (<i>hd</i>IE<sub>C</sub>) and can be calculated by dividing the retention times (<i>t</i><sub>R</sub>) of the protiated (<i>t</i><sub>R(H)</sub> ) to those of the deuterated (<i>t</i><sub>R(D)</sub>) analytes: <i>hd</i>IE<sub>C</sub> = <i>t</i><sub>R(H)</sub>/<i>t</i><sub>R(D)</sub>. Analytes labeled with <sup>13</sup>C, <sup>15</sup>N or <sup>18</sup>O have almost identical retention times and lack a chromatographic isotope effect. Derivatives of <i>cis-</i> and <i>trans</i>-analytes such as <i>cis-</i> and <i>trans</i>-fatty acids also differ in their retention times. Analytes that contain <i>trans</i>-C=C-double bonds elute earlier in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) than their <i>cis</i>-C=C-double bonds containing congeners. The chromatographic <i>cis/trans</i>-effect (<i>ct</i>E<sub>C</sub>) can be calculated by dividing the retention times of the <i>cis</i>- by those of the <i>trans</i>-analytes: <i>ct</i>E<sub>C</sub> = <i>t</i><sub>R(c)/</sub><i>t</i><sub>R(t)</sub>. In the present work, the <i>hd</i>IE<sub>C</sub> and <i>ct</i>E<sub>C</sub> values of endogenous and exogenous substances were calculated from previously reported GC-MS analyses and found to range each between 1.0009 and 1.0400. The examination suggests that the H/D-isotope effects and the <i>cis/trans</i>-effects observed in GC-MS are based on differences in the inter-molecular interaction strengths of the analyte derivatives with the stationary phase of GC columns. The deuterium atoms, being larger than the H atoms of the analytes, attenuate the interaction of the skeleton of the molecules with the GC stationary phase. The angulation of <i>trans</i>-analytes decreases the interaction of the skeleton of the molecules with the GC stationary phase, as only parts of the molecules are close enough to the GC stationary phase to interact. Other chromatographic effects caused by hydrogen (H) and fluorine (F) atoms and by stereo-isomerism are considered to be based on a similar mechanism due to the different orientation of the side chains. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-df2b19608f9b4a118e21d1c2462cd7d62025-01-24T13:41:16ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892025-01-011514310.3390/metabo15010043Underlying Mechanisms of Chromatographic H/D, H/F, <i>cis/trans</i> and Isomerism Effects in GC-MSDimitrios Tsikas0Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, GermanyCharge-free gaseous molecules labeled with deuterium <sup>2</sup>H (D) atoms elute earlier than their protium-analogs <sup>1</sup>H (H) from most stationary GC phases. This effect is known as the chromatographic H/D isotope effect (<i>hd</i>IE<sub>C</sub>) and can be calculated by dividing the retention times (<i>t</i><sub>R</sub>) of the protiated (<i>t</i><sub>R(H)</sub> ) to those of the deuterated (<i>t</i><sub>R(D)</sub>) analytes: <i>hd</i>IE<sub>C</sub> = <i>t</i><sub>R(H)</sub>/<i>t</i><sub>R(D)</sub>. Analytes labeled with <sup>13</sup>C, <sup>15</sup>N or <sup>18</sup>O have almost identical retention times and lack a chromatographic isotope effect. Derivatives of <i>cis-</i> and <i>trans</i>-analytes such as <i>cis-</i> and <i>trans</i>-fatty acids also differ in their retention times. Analytes that contain <i>trans</i>-C=C-double bonds elute earlier in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) than their <i>cis</i>-C=C-double bonds containing congeners. The chromatographic <i>cis/trans</i>-effect (<i>ct</i>E<sub>C</sub>) can be calculated by dividing the retention times of the <i>cis</i>- by those of the <i>trans</i>-analytes: <i>ct</i>E<sub>C</sub> = <i>t</i><sub>R(c)/</sub><i>t</i><sub>R(t)</sub>. In the present work, the <i>hd</i>IE<sub>C</sub> and <i>ct</i>E<sub>C</sub> values of endogenous and exogenous substances were calculated from previously reported GC-MS analyses and found to range each between 1.0009 and 1.0400. The examination suggests that the H/D-isotope effects and the <i>cis/trans</i>-effects observed in GC-MS are based on differences in the inter-molecular interaction strengths of the analyte derivatives with the stationary phase of GC columns. The deuterium atoms, being larger than the H atoms of the analytes, attenuate the interaction of the skeleton of the molecules with the GC stationary phase. The angulation of <i>trans</i>-analytes decreases the interaction of the skeleton of the molecules with the GC stationary phase, as only parts of the molecules are close enough to the GC stationary phase to interact. Other chromatographic effects caused by hydrogen (H) and fluorine (F) atoms and by stereo-isomerism are considered to be based on a similar mechanism due to the different orientation of the side chains.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/15/1/43<i>cis/trans</i>-effectgas chromatographyH/D-effectH/F-effectmass spectrometrymechanism |
| spellingShingle | Dimitrios Tsikas Underlying Mechanisms of Chromatographic H/D, H/F, <i>cis/trans</i> and Isomerism Effects in GC-MS Metabolites <i>cis/trans</i>-effect gas chromatography H/D-effect H/F-effect mass spectrometry mechanism |
| title | Underlying Mechanisms of Chromatographic H/D, H/F, <i>cis/trans</i> and Isomerism Effects in GC-MS |
| title_full | Underlying Mechanisms of Chromatographic H/D, H/F, <i>cis/trans</i> and Isomerism Effects in GC-MS |
| title_fullStr | Underlying Mechanisms of Chromatographic H/D, H/F, <i>cis/trans</i> and Isomerism Effects in GC-MS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Underlying Mechanisms of Chromatographic H/D, H/F, <i>cis/trans</i> and Isomerism Effects in GC-MS |
| title_short | Underlying Mechanisms of Chromatographic H/D, H/F, <i>cis/trans</i> and Isomerism Effects in GC-MS |
| title_sort | underlying mechanisms of chromatographic h d h f i cis trans i and isomerism effects in gc ms |
| topic | <i>cis/trans</i>-effect gas chromatography H/D-effect H/F-effect mass spectrometry mechanism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/15/1/43 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dimitriostsikas underlyingmechanismsofchromatographichdhficistransiandisomerismeffectsingcms |