ORUD-Detect: A Comprehensive Approach to Offensive Language Detection in Roman Urdu Using Hybrid Machine Learning–Deep Learning Models with Embedding Techniques

With the rapid expansion of social media, detecting offensive language has become critically important for healthy online interactions. This poses a considerable challenge for low-resource languages such as Roman Urdu which are widely spoken on platforms like Facebook. In this paper, we perform a co...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Nisar Hussain, Amna Qasim, Gull Mehak, Olga Kolesnikova, Alexander Gelbukh, Grigori Sidorov
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Information
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/2/139
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