Automated and code-free development of a risk calculator using ChatGPT-4 for predicting diabetic retinopathy and macular edema without retinal imaging
Abstract Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and macular edema (DME) are critical causes of vision loss in patients with diabetes. In many communities, access to ophthalmologists and retinal imaging equipment is limited, making screening for diabetic retinal complications difficult in primary healt...
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-025-00638-9 |
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| author | Eun Young Choi Joon Yul Choi Tae Keun Yoo |
| author_facet | Eun Young Choi Joon Yul Choi Tae Keun Yoo |
| author_sort | Eun Young Choi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and macular edema (DME) are critical causes of vision loss in patients with diabetes. In many communities, access to ophthalmologists and retinal imaging equipment is limited, making screening for diabetic retinal complications difficult in primary health care centers. We investigated whether ChatGPT-4, an advanced large-language-model chatbot, can develop risk calculators for DR and DME using health check-up tabular data without the need for retinal imaging or coding experience. Methods Data-driven prediction models were developed using medical history and laboratory blood test data from diabetic patients in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). The dataset was divided into training (KNHANES 2017–2020) and validation (KNHANES 2021) datasets. ChatGPT-4 was used to build prediction formulas for DR and DME and developed a web-based risk calculator tool. Logistic regression analysis was performed by ChatGPT-4 to predict DR and DME, followed by the automatic generation of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) code for the web-based tool. The performance of the models was evaluated using areas under the curves of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUCs). Results ChatGPT-4 successfully developed a risk calculator for DR and DME, operational on a web browser without any coding experience. The validation set showed ROC-AUCs of 0.786 and 0.835 for predicting DR and DME, respectively. The performance of the ChatGPT-4 developed models was comparable to those created using various machine-learning tools. Conclusion By utilizing ChatGPT-4 with code-free prompts, we overcame the technical barriers associated with using coding skills for developing prediction models, making it feasible to build a risk calculator for DR and DME prediction. Our approach offers an easily accessible tool for the risk prediction of DM and DME in diabetic patients during health check-ups, without the need for retinal imaging. Based on this automatically developed risk calculator using ChatGPT-4, health care workers will be able to effectively screen patients who require retinal examinations using only medical history and laboratory data. Future research should focus on validating this approach in diverse populations and exploring the integration of more comprehensive clinical data to enhance predictive performance. Graphical Abstract |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dc9c8a2bb64f4b9798154e4fdbeef5db |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2056-9920 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous |
| spelling | doaj-art-dc9c8a2bb64f4b9798154e4fdbeef5db2025-02-02T12:35:52ZengBMCInternational Journal of Retina and Vitreous2056-99202025-01-0111111410.1186/s40942-025-00638-9Automated and code-free development of a risk calculator using ChatGPT-4 for predicting diabetic retinopathy and macular edema without retinal imagingEun Young Choi0Joon Yul Choi1Tae Keun Yoo2Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of MedicineDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei UniversityDepartment of Ophthalmology, Hangil Eye HospitalAbstract Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and macular edema (DME) are critical causes of vision loss in patients with diabetes. In many communities, access to ophthalmologists and retinal imaging equipment is limited, making screening for diabetic retinal complications difficult in primary health care centers. We investigated whether ChatGPT-4, an advanced large-language-model chatbot, can develop risk calculators for DR and DME using health check-up tabular data without the need for retinal imaging or coding experience. Methods Data-driven prediction models were developed using medical history and laboratory blood test data from diabetic patients in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). The dataset was divided into training (KNHANES 2017–2020) and validation (KNHANES 2021) datasets. ChatGPT-4 was used to build prediction formulas for DR and DME and developed a web-based risk calculator tool. Logistic regression analysis was performed by ChatGPT-4 to predict DR and DME, followed by the automatic generation of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) code for the web-based tool. The performance of the models was evaluated using areas under the curves of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUCs). Results ChatGPT-4 successfully developed a risk calculator for DR and DME, operational on a web browser without any coding experience. The validation set showed ROC-AUCs of 0.786 and 0.835 for predicting DR and DME, respectively. The performance of the ChatGPT-4 developed models was comparable to those created using various machine-learning tools. Conclusion By utilizing ChatGPT-4 with code-free prompts, we overcame the technical barriers associated with using coding skills for developing prediction models, making it feasible to build a risk calculator for DR and DME prediction. Our approach offers an easily accessible tool for the risk prediction of DM and DME in diabetic patients during health check-ups, without the need for retinal imaging. Based on this automatically developed risk calculator using ChatGPT-4, health care workers will be able to effectively screen patients who require retinal examinations using only medical history and laboratory data. Future research should focus on validating this approach in diverse populations and exploring the integration of more comprehensive clinical data to enhance predictive performance. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-025-00638-9Diabetic retinopathyDiabetic macular edemaChatGPT-4No-codeCode-free promptRisk calculator |
| spellingShingle | Eun Young Choi Joon Yul Choi Tae Keun Yoo Automated and code-free development of a risk calculator using ChatGPT-4 for predicting diabetic retinopathy and macular edema without retinal imaging International Journal of Retina and Vitreous Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic macular edema ChatGPT-4 No-code Code-free prompt Risk calculator |
| title | Automated and code-free development of a risk calculator using ChatGPT-4 for predicting diabetic retinopathy and macular edema without retinal imaging |
| title_full | Automated and code-free development of a risk calculator using ChatGPT-4 for predicting diabetic retinopathy and macular edema without retinal imaging |
| title_fullStr | Automated and code-free development of a risk calculator using ChatGPT-4 for predicting diabetic retinopathy and macular edema without retinal imaging |
| title_full_unstemmed | Automated and code-free development of a risk calculator using ChatGPT-4 for predicting diabetic retinopathy and macular edema without retinal imaging |
| title_short | Automated and code-free development of a risk calculator using ChatGPT-4 for predicting diabetic retinopathy and macular edema without retinal imaging |
| title_sort | automated and code free development of a risk calculator using chatgpt 4 for predicting diabetic retinopathy and macular edema without retinal imaging |
| topic | Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic macular edema ChatGPT-4 No-code Code-free prompt Risk calculator |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-025-00638-9 |
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