Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of Tumors
Macrophages are widely distributed innate immune cells that play indispensable roles in the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens and in-tissue homeostasis. Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and polarized to functionally different phenotypes. Two distinct subsets of mac...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2012-01-01
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| Series: | Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/948098 |
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| _version_ | 1832556096608272384 |
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| author | Ning-Bo Hao Mu-Han Lü Ya-Han Fan Ya-Ling Cao Zhi-Ren Zhang Shi-Ming Yang |
| author_facet | Ning-Bo Hao Mu-Han Lü Ya-Han Fan Ya-Ling Cao Zhi-Ren Zhang Shi-Ming Yang |
| author_sort | Ning-Bo Hao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Macrophages are widely distributed innate immune cells that play indispensable roles in the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens and in-tissue homeostasis. Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and polarized to functionally different phenotypes. Two distinct subsets of macrophages have been proposed, including classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. M1 macrophages express a series of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules, such as IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, iNOS and MHCI/II. In contrast, M2 macrophages express a wide array of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and arginase1. In most tumors, the infiltrated macrophages are considered to be of the M2 phenotype, which provides an immunosuppressive microenvironment for tumor growth. Furthermore, tumor-associated macrophages secrete many cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, which promote tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Recently, it was also found that tumor-associated macrophages interact with cancer stem cells. This interaction leads to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. So mediating macrophage to resist tumors is considered to be potential therapy. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dc272f5c5ffb4286aeb1a8bf776d07f5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1740-2522 1740-2530 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2012-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-dc272f5c5ffb4286aeb1a8bf776d07f52025-02-03T05:46:24ZengWileyClinical and Developmental Immunology1740-25221740-25302012-01-01201210.1155/2012/948098948098Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of TumorsNing-Bo Hao0Mu-Han Lü1Ya-Han Fan2Ya-Ling Cao3Zhi-Ren Zhang4Shi-Ming Yang5Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, ChinaInstitute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, ChinaBiomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, ChinaMacrophages are widely distributed innate immune cells that play indispensable roles in the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens and in-tissue homeostasis. Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and polarized to functionally different phenotypes. Two distinct subsets of macrophages have been proposed, including classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. M1 macrophages express a series of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules, such as IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, iNOS and MHCI/II. In contrast, M2 macrophages express a wide array of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and arginase1. In most tumors, the infiltrated macrophages are considered to be of the M2 phenotype, which provides an immunosuppressive microenvironment for tumor growth. Furthermore, tumor-associated macrophages secrete many cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, which promote tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Recently, it was also found that tumor-associated macrophages interact with cancer stem cells. This interaction leads to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. So mediating macrophage to resist tumors is considered to be potential therapy.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/948098 |
| spellingShingle | Ning-Bo Hao Mu-Han Lü Ya-Han Fan Ya-Ling Cao Zhi-Ren Zhang Shi-Ming Yang Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of Tumors Clinical and Developmental Immunology |
| title | Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of Tumors |
| title_full | Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of Tumors |
| title_fullStr | Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of Tumors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of Tumors |
| title_short | Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of Tumors |
| title_sort | macrophages in tumor microenvironments and the progression of tumors |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/948098 |
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