Volatiles of the Predator <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> Recognized by Its Prey <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (Linne) as Escape Signals
The olfactory sensory system plays vital roles in daily activities, such as locating mate partners, foraging, and risk avoidance. Natural enemies can locate their prey through characteristic volatiles. However, little is known about whether prey can recognize the volatiles of their predators and if...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Shaohua Lu Li Yang Zonglin Wu Mingshun Chen Yujie Lu |
| author_facet | Shaohua Lu Li Yang Zonglin Wu Mingshun Chen Yujie Lu |
| author_sort | Shaohua Lu |
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| description | The olfactory sensory system plays vital roles in daily activities, such as locating mate partners, foraging, and risk avoidance. Natural enemies can locate their prey through characteristic volatiles. However, little is known about whether prey can recognize the volatiles of their predators and if this recognition can increase the efficiency of prey escaping from predators. <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> is a predator of <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (Linne) that has been widely used in stored pest control. Herein, we analyze the volatile components of <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> and their impacts on the olfactory behavior of <i>T. castaneum</i> and <i>O. surinamensis</i>. We found that <i>T. castaneum</i> and <i>O. surinamensis</i> preferred blank air rather than odors of <i>X. flavipes</i> and <i>X. flavipes</i> emissions, which significantly decreased the orientation preference of <i>T. castaneum</i> and <i>O. surinamensis</i> to wheat. <i>X. flavipes</i> emits three major volatiles, including linalool, α-terpineol, and geraniol. Y-tube bioassays showed that <i>T. castaneum</i> and <i>O. surinamensis</i> can recognize linalool and geraniol at certain concentrations, especially at 200 μg/mL. EAG recordings verified that linalool and geraniol elicit higher olfactory responses in the two pests, but very small EAG responses were observed in the insects to α-terpineol. A further repellency evaluation also proved that linalool and geraniol are repellent to the two pests, and this repellency can be slightly enhanced by mixing them together. <i>T. castaneum</i> and <i>O. surinamensis</i> can recognize the predator <i>X. flavipes</i> by perceiving its volatiles and using them as signals for escaping. The two most potent volatiles, linalool and geraniol, may have potential values as repellents in controlling pests in these two stored products. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| spelling | doaj-art-da2c082597a447b68e42b1b8ee1a5d232025-01-24T13:35:39ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502024-12-011613110.3390/insects16010031Volatiles of the Predator <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> Recognized by Its Prey <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (Linne) as Escape SignalsShaohua Lu0Li Yang1Zonglin Wu2Mingshun Chen3Yujie Lu4School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, ChinaSchool of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, ChinaSchool of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, ChinaDepartment of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USASchool of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, ChinaThe olfactory sensory system plays vital roles in daily activities, such as locating mate partners, foraging, and risk avoidance. Natural enemies can locate their prey through characteristic volatiles. However, little is known about whether prey can recognize the volatiles of their predators and if this recognition can increase the efficiency of prey escaping from predators. <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> is a predator of <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (Linne) that has been widely used in stored pest control. Herein, we analyze the volatile components of <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> and their impacts on the olfactory behavior of <i>T. castaneum</i> and <i>O. surinamensis</i>. We found that <i>T. castaneum</i> and <i>O. surinamensis</i> preferred blank air rather than odors of <i>X. flavipes</i> and <i>X. flavipes</i> emissions, which significantly decreased the orientation preference of <i>T. castaneum</i> and <i>O. surinamensis</i> to wheat. <i>X. flavipes</i> emits three major volatiles, including linalool, α-terpineol, and geraniol. Y-tube bioassays showed that <i>T. castaneum</i> and <i>O. surinamensis</i> can recognize linalool and geraniol at certain concentrations, especially at 200 μg/mL. EAG recordings verified that linalool and geraniol elicit higher olfactory responses in the two pests, but very small EAG responses were observed in the insects to α-terpineol. A further repellency evaluation also proved that linalool and geraniol are repellent to the two pests, and this repellency can be slightly enhanced by mixing them together. <i>T. castaneum</i> and <i>O. surinamensis</i> can recognize the predator <i>X. flavipes</i> by perceiving its volatiles and using them as signals for escaping. The two most potent volatiles, linalool and geraniol, may have potential values as repellents in controlling pests in these two stored products.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/1/31natural enemyolfactoryvolatilestored product pestsrepellents |
| spellingShingle | Shaohua Lu Li Yang Zonglin Wu Mingshun Chen Yujie Lu Volatiles of the Predator <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> Recognized by Its Prey <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (Linne) as Escape Signals Insects natural enemy olfactory volatile stored product pests repellents |
| title | Volatiles of the Predator <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> Recognized by Its Prey <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (Linne) as Escape Signals |
| title_full | Volatiles of the Predator <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> Recognized by Its Prey <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (Linne) as Escape Signals |
| title_fullStr | Volatiles of the Predator <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> Recognized by Its Prey <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (Linne) as Escape Signals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Volatiles of the Predator <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> Recognized by Its Prey <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (Linne) as Escape Signals |
| title_short | Volatiles of the Predator <i>Xylocoris flavipes</i> Recognized by Its Prey <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> (Linne) as Escape Signals |
| title_sort | volatiles of the predator i xylocoris flavipes i recognized by its prey i tribolium castaneum i herbst and i oryzaephilus surinamensis i linne as escape signals |
| topic | natural enemy olfactory volatile stored product pests repellents |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/1/31 |
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