Pathophysiology of Penetrating Captive Bolt Stunning in Horned and Polled Sheep and Factors Determining Incomplete Concussion

Pathophysiology of Penetrating Captive Bolt Stunning in Horned and Polled Sheep and Factors Determining Incomplete Concussion

Penetrating captive bolt (PCB) is widely used for stunning and on-farm dispatch of livestock, yet its efficacy can vary, with the potential for animal welfare compromise. This study investigated the pathophysiology of PCB-induced trauma in horned and polled sheep (<i>Ovis aries</i>), foc...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Troy John Gibson, Anne Lisa Ridler, Georgina Limon, Christopher Lamb, Alun Williams, Neville George Gregory
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Veterinary Sciences
Subjects:
animal welfare
captive bolt
humane euthanasia
horned
magnetic resonance imaging
pathophysiology
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/1/53
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