Assessment of heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in waterfalls of Chattogram district, Bangladesh: Implications for drinking and irrigation purposes
This study assesses the concentrations of heavy metals and their distribution as well as ecological status in the major waterfalls at Chattogram, namely Khoiyachora, Kupikatakhum, Napittachhara, Bagbiani, Sohosrodhara, and Suptadhara. The water from these waterfalls are being used by the local inhab...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Environmental Advances |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765725000055 |
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| author | Abdur Rouf Azad Md. Rezaul Karim Md. Refat Jahan Rakib Md. Ripaj Uddin |
| author_facet | Abdur Rouf Azad Md. Rezaul Karim Md. Refat Jahan Rakib Md. Ripaj Uddin |
| author_sort | Abdur Rouf Azad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study assesses the concentrations of heavy metals and their distribution as well as ecological status in the major waterfalls at Chattogram, namely Khoiyachora, Kupikatakhum, Napittachhara, Bagbiani, Sohosrodhara, and Suptadhara. The water from these waterfalls are being used by the local inhabitants for household, drinking and irrigation purposes. Eighteen water samples from six water waterfall were collected during the summer, rainy and winter seasons in 2022-2023. The concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Hg, Cr, and As in water samples were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), and compared with the national (ECR, 2023) and international standards (WHO, 2015). Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) were calculated (18.51 to 22.87) showed below the critical limit of 100, indicating suitability for drinking. However, %Na (0.92) and the magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) value (32.49) suggested that the water is unsuitable for irrigation but suitable for drinking. On the other hand, metrics such as the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) (26.74) and Kelly's ratio (KR) (9.83) indicated suitability for irrigation. HPI values (0–25) indicate excellent water quality, safe for consumption. Heavy Metal Pollution Indices (HPIs) and multivariate statistical models (PCA, CA, and Pearson correlation) were applied to evaluate spatial-temporal variations, distribution, and pollution sources. CA grouped monitoring sites into two clusters based on anthropogenic and geo-genic inputs. PCA identified five significant principal components explaining 73.79 % of total variance. Seasonal and geographical variations in Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, and As concentrations were observed, especially in northern and southern study areas, highlighting spatial differences in pollution patterns. The policymakers should take proper steps for monitor the waterfalls to ensure water security and environmental protection as well as water management for the nearby inhabitants. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d15ad72f22874d48ba1d512b9c24e538 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2666-7657 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental Advances |
| spelling | doaj-art-d15ad72f22874d48ba1d512b9c24e5382025-02-02T05:29:24ZengElsevierEnvironmental Advances2666-76572025-04-0119100613Assessment of heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in waterfalls of Chattogram district, Bangladesh: Implications for drinking and irrigation purposesAbdur Rouf Azad0Md. Rezaul Karim1Md. Refat Jahan Rakib2Md. Ripaj Uddin3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chittagong-4349, BangladeshDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chittagong-4349, Bangladesh; Corresponding authors.Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka-1229, BangladeshInstitute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), BCSIR, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh; Corresponding authors.This study assesses the concentrations of heavy metals and their distribution as well as ecological status in the major waterfalls at Chattogram, namely Khoiyachora, Kupikatakhum, Napittachhara, Bagbiani, Sohosrodhara, and Suptadhara. The water from these waterfalls are being used by the local inhabitants for household, drinking and irrigation purposes. Eighteen water samples from six water waterfall were collected during the summer, rainy and winter seasons in 2022-2023. The concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Hg, Cr, and As in water samples were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), and compared with the national (ECR, 2023) and international standards (WHO, 2015). Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) were calculated (18.51 to 22.87) showed below the critical limit of 100, indicating suitability for drinking. However, %Na (0.92) and the magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) value (32.49) suggested that the water is unsuitable for irrigation but suitable for drinking. On the other hand, metrics such as the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) (26.74) and Kelly's ratio (KR) (9.83) indicated suitability for irrigation. HPI values (0–25) indicate excellent water quality, safe for consumption. Heavy Metal Pollution Indices (HPIs) and multivariate statistical models (PCA, CA, and Pearson correlation) were applied to evaluate spatial-temporal variations, distribution, and pollution sources. CA grouped monitoring sites into two clusters based on anthropogenic and geo-genic inputs. PCA identified five significant principal components explaining 73.79 % of total variance. Seasonal and geographical variations in Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, and As concentrations were observed, especially in northern and southern study areas, highlighting spatial differences in pollution patterns. The policymakers should take proper steps for monitor the waterfalls to ensure water security and environmental protection as well as water management for the nearby inhabitants.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765725000055WaterfallsHeavy metal pollution indexWater quality indexSpatial distributionIrrigationDrinking water |
| spellingShingle | Abdur Rouf Azad Md. Rezaul Karim Md. Refat Jahan Rakib Md. Ripaj Uddin Assessment of heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in waterfalls of Chattogram district, Bangladesh: Implications for drinking and irrigation purposes Environmental Advances Waterfalls Heavy metal pollution index Water quality index Spatial distribution Irrigation Drinking water |
| title | Assessment of heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in waterfalls of Chattogram district, Bangladesh: Implications for drinking and irrigation purposes |
| title_full | Assessment of heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in waterfalls of Chattogram district, Bangladesh: Implications for drinking and irrigation purposes |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in waterfalls of Chattogram district, Bangladesh: Implications for drinking and irrigation purposes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in waterfalls of Chattogram district, Bangladesh: Implications for drinking and irrigation purposes |
| title_short | Assessment of heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in waterfalls of Chattogram district, Bangladesh: Implications for drinking and irrigation purposes |
| title_sort | assessment of heavy metal pollution and spatial distribution in waterfalls of chattogram district bangladesh implications for drinking and irrigation purposes |
| topic | Waterfalls Heavy metal pollution index Water quality index Spatial distribution Irrigation Drinking water |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765725000055 |
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