RETRACTED: Environmental Impact of Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Synergistic Toxicity of Ivermectin and Cypermethrin
Veterinary antiparasitic pharmaceuticals as well as pesticides have been detected in surface waters, and they may cause several toxic effects in this environmental compartment. In the present study, we evaluated the toxicity after exposure of different concentration of ivermectin (IVM; 50, 100, and...
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/7/388 |
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| author | Davide Di Paola Carmelo Iaria Fabio Marino Enrico Gugliandolo Cristian Piras Rosalia Crupi Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Domenico Britti Alessio Filippo Peritore |
| author_facet | Davide Di Paola Carmelo Iaria Fabio Marino Enrico Gugliandolo Cristian Piras Rosalia Crupi Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Domenico Britti Alessio Filippo Peritore |
| author_sort | Davide Di Paola |
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| description | Veterinary antiparasitic pharmaceuticals as well as pesticides have been detected in surface waters, and they may cause several toxic effects in this environmental compartment. In the present study, we evaluated the toxicity after exposure of different concentration of ivermectin (IVM; 50, 100, and 200 μg L<sup>−1</sup>) and cypermethrin (CYP; 5, 10, and 25 μg L<sup>−1</sup>) and the combination of these two compounds at non-toxic concentration (IVM 100 + CYP 5 μg L<sup>−1</sup>) in zebrafish embryos. Combination of IVM at 100 μg L<sup>−1</sup> with CYP at 5 μg L<sup>−1</sup> exposure induced hatching delay and malformations at 96 hpf in zebrafish larvae as well as significant induction of cell death in zebrafish larvae. At the same time, the two single concentrations of IVM and CYP did not show a toxic effect on zebrafish development. In conclusion, our study suggests that IVM and CYP show a synergistic effect at common, ineffective concentrations, promoting malformation and cell death in fish development. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cbe11b42fba2485bba63f30131a1b7dc |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj-art-cbe11b42fba2485bba63f30131a1b7dc2025-01-22T14:37:26ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042022-07-0110738810.3390/toxics10070388RETRACTED: Environmental Impact of Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Synergistic Toxicity of Ivermectin and CypermethrinDavide Di Paola0Carmelo Iaria1Fabio Marino2Enrico Gugliandolo3Cristian Piras4Rosalia Crupi5Salvatore Cuzzocrea6Nunziacarla Spanò7Domenico Britti8Alessio Filippo Peritore9Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, “Magna Græcia University” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “Salvatore Venuta” Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, “Magna Græcia University” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “Salvatore Venuta” Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyVeterinary antiparasitic pharmaceuticals as well as pesticides have been detected in surface waters, and they may cause several toxic effects in this environmental compartment. In the present study, we evaluated the toxicity after exposure of different concentration of ivermectin (IVM; 50, 100, and 200 μg L<sup>−1</sup>) and cypermethrin (CYP; 5, 10, and 25 μg L<sup>−1</sup>) and the combination of these two compounds at non-toxic concentration (IVM 100 + CYP 5 μg L<sup>−1</sup>) in zebrafish embryos. Combination of IVM at 100 μg L<sup>−1</sup> with CYP at 5 μg L<sup>−1</sup> exposure induced hatching delay and malformations at 96 hpf in zebrafish larvae as well as significant induction of cell death in zebrafish larvae. At the same time, the two single concentrations of IVM and CYP did not show a toxic effect on zebrafish development. In conclusion, our study suggests that IVM and CYP show a synergistic effect at common, ineffective concentrations, promoting malformation and cell death in fish development.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/7/388contaminantsantiparasitic<i>Danio rerio</i> |
| spellingShingle | Davide Di Paola Carmelo Iaria Fabio Marino Enrico Gugliandolo Cristian Piras Rosalia Crupi Salvatore Cuzzocrea Nunziacarla Spanò Domenico Britti Alessio Filippo Peritore RETRACTED: Environmental Impact of Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Synergistic Toxicity of Ivermectin and Cypermethrin Toxics contaminants antiparasitic <i>Danio rerio</i> |
| title | RETRACTED: Environmental Impact of Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Synergistic Toxicity of Ivermectin and Cypermethrin |
| title_full | RETRACTED: Environmental Impact of Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Synergistic Toxicity of Ivermectin and Cypermethrin |
| title_fullStr | RETRACTED: Environmental Impact of Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Synergistic Toxicity of Ivermectin and Cypermethrin |
| title_full_unstemmed | RETRACTED: Environmental Impact of Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Synergistic Toxicity of Ivermectin and Cypermethrin |
| title_short | RETRACTED: Environmental Impact of Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Synergistic Toxicity of Ivermectin and Cypermethrin |
| title_sort | retracted environmental impact of pharmaceutical pollutants synergistic toxicity of ivermectin and cypermethrin |
| topic | contaminants antiparasitic <i>Danio rerio</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/7/388 |
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