Physical cues in biomaterials modulate macrophage polarization for bone regeneration: a review
Bone regeneration is a complex process governed by inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Macrophages play central roles by dynamically shifting between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. While biochemical signals have been widely studied, emerging evidence high...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1640560/full |
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