Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Current, Ongoing, and Future Approaches
Tuberculosis (TB) remains an impactful infectious disease, leading to millions of deaths every year. <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> causes the formation of granulomas, which will determine, through the host–pathogen relationship, if the infection will remain latent or evolve into acti...
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MDPI AG
2024-09-01
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| Series: | Diseases |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/9/202 |
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| author | Guilherme Bartolomeu-Gonçalves Joyce Marinho de Souza Bruna Terci Fernandes Laís Fernanda Almeida Spoladori Guilherme Ferreira Correia Isabela Madeira de Castro Paulo Henrique Guilherme Borges Gislaine Silva-Rodrigues Eliandro Reis Tavares Lucy Megumi Yamauchi Marsileni Pelisson Marcia Regina Eches Perugini Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta |
| author_facet | Guilherme Bartolomeu-Gonçalves Joyce Marinho de Souza Bruna Terci Fernandes Laís Fernanda Almeida Spoladori Guilherme Ferreira Correia Isabela Madeira de Castro Paulo Henrique Guilherme Borges Gislaine Silva-Rodrigues Eliandro Reis Tavares Lucy Megumi Yamauchi Marsileni Pelisson Marcia Regina Eches Perugini Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta |
| author_sort | Guilherme Bartolomeu-Gonçalves |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tuberculosis (TB) remains an impactful infectious disease, leading to millions of deaths every year. <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> causes the formation of granulomas, which will determine, through the host–pathogen relationship, if the infection will remain latent or evolve into active disease. Early TB diagnosis is life-saving, especially among immunocompromised individuals, and leads to proper treatment, preventing transmission. This review addresses different approaches to diagnosing TB, from traditional methods such as sputum smear microscopy to more advanced molecular techniques. Integrating these techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), has significantly improved the sensitivity and specificity of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> identification. Additionally, exploring novel biomarkers and applying artificial intelligence in radiological imaging contribute to more accurate and rapid diagnosis. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges of existing diagnostic methods, including limitations in resource-limited settings and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. While the primary focus of this review is on TB diagnosis, we also briefly explore the challenges and strategies for diagnosing non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). In conclusion, this review provides an overview of the current landscape of TB diagnostics, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and innovation. As the field evolves, it is crucial to ensure that these advancements are accessible and applicable in diverse healthcare settings to effectively combat tuberculosis worldwide. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c71eaadb67a64be9b40d2760d93c29d4 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2079-9721 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-c71eaadb67a64be9b40d2760d93c29d42025-08-20T01:55:22ZengMDPI AGDiseases2079-97212024-09-0112920210.3390/diseases12090202Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Current, Ongoing, and Future ApproachesGuilherme Bartolomeu-Gonçalves0Joyce Marinho de Souza1Bruna Terci Fernandes2Laís Fernanda Almeida Spoladori3Guilherme Ferreira Correia4Isabela Madeira de Castro5Paulo Henrique Guilherme Borges6Gislaine Silva-Rodrigues7Eliandro Reis Tavares8Lucy Megumi Yamauchi9Marsileni Pelisson10Marcia Regina Eches Perugini11Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta12Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Laboratorial, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86038-350, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86057-970, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86057-970, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86057-970, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86057-970, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86057-970, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86057-970, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86057-970, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86057-970, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86057-970, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Laboratorial, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86038-350, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Laboratorial, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86038-350, Paraná, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Laboratorial, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86038-350, Paraná, BrazilTuberculosis (TB) remains an impactful infectious disease, leading to millions of deaths every year. <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> causes the formation of granulomas, which will determine, through the host–pathogen relationship, if the infection will remain latent or evolve into active disease. Early TB diagnosis is life-saving, especially among immunocompromised individuals, and leads to proper treatment, preventing transmission. This review addresses different approaches to diagnosing TB, from traditional methods such as sputum smear microscopy to more advanced molecular techniques. Integrating these techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), has significantly improved the sensitivity and specificity of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> identification. Additionally, exploring novel biomarkers and applying artificial intelligence in radiological imaging contribute to more accurate and rapid diagnosis. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges of existing diagnostic methods, including limitations in resource-limited settings and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. While the primary focus of this review is on TB diagnosis, we also briefly explore the challenges and strategies for diagnosing non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). In conclusion, this review provides an overview of the current landscape of TB diagnostics, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and innovation. As the field evolves, it is crucial to ensure that these advancements are accessible and applicable in diverse healthcare settings to effectively combat tuberculosis worldwide.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/9/202pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>diagnostic techniquesmolecular techniques |
| spellingShingle | Guilherme Bartolomeu-Gonçalves Joyce Marinho de Souza Bruna Terci Fernandes Laís Fernanda Almeida Spoladori Guilherme Ferreira Correia Isabela Madeira de Castro Paulo Henrique Guilherme Borges Gislaine Silva-Rodrigues Eliandro Reis Tavares Lucy Megumi Yamauchi Marsileni Pelisson Marcia Regina Eches Perugini Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Current, Ongoing, and Future Approaches Diseases pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> diagnostic techniques molecular techniques |
| title | Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Current, Ongoing, and Future Approaches |
| title_full | Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Current, Ongoing, and Future Approaches |
| title_fullStr | Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Current, Ongoing, and Future Approaches |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Current, Ongoing, and Future Approaches |
| title_short | Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Current, Ongoing, and Future Approaches |
| title_sort | tuberculosis diagnosis current ongoing and future approaches |
| topic | pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> diagnostic techniques molecular techniques |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/9/202 |
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