Association between toxic heavy metals and noncancerous thyroid disease: a scoping review

Background Toxic heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) are known to be priority pollutants due to their high degrees of toxicity and widespread presence in the environment. This review aimed to explore the association between heavy metals and non...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Muhammad Ridzwan Rafi’i, Mohd Hasni Ja’afar, Azmawati Mohammed Nawi, Shahrul Azhar Md Hanif, Siti Najiha Md Asari
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: PeerJ Inc. 2025-02-01
Series:PeerJ
Subjects:
Online Access:https://peerj.com/articles/18962.pdf
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