Large-Scale Sampling Reveals the Strain-Level Diversity of <i>Burkholderia</i> Symbionts in <i>Riptortus pedestris</i> and <i>R. linearis</i> (Hemiptera: Alydidae)
<i>Burkholderia</i> (sensu lato) is a diverse group of β-Proteobacteria that exists worldwide in various environments. The SBE clade of this group was thought to be mutualistic with stinkbugs. <i>Riptortus–Burkholderia</i> was suggested as an ideal model system for studying i...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-09-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/9/1885 |
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| Summary: | <i>Burkholderia</i> (sensu lato) is a diverse group of β-Proteobacteria that exists worldwide in various environments. The SBE clade of this group was thought to be mutualistic with stinkbugs. <i>Riptortus–Burkholderia</i> was suggested as an ideal model system for studying insect–microbe symbiosis. To explore the strain-level diversity of <i>Burkholderia</i> at the individual and population levels of <i>Riptortus</i> stinkbugs (Hemiptera: Alydidae), and to uncover the factors affecting the <i>Burkholderia</i> community, large-scale sampling of two <i>Riptortus</i> species and deep sequencing data (16S amplicon) were used in the present study. Our results showed that: (1) the proportions of facultative symbiotic bacteria <i>Burkholderia</i> were very high, with an average proportion of 87.1% in the samples; (2) only six out of 1373 <i>Burkholderia</i> amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) did not belong to the SBE clade, accounting for only 0.03% of <i>Burkholderia</i>; (3) a relatively small number of <i>Burkholderia</i> ASVs had a large number of sequences, with 22, 54, and 107 ASVs accounting for more than 1.0%, 0.1%, and 0.01% of the total <i>Burkholderia</i> sequences, respectively; (4) multiple <i>Burkholderia</i> ASVs were present in most <i>Riptortus</i> individuals, but there was one dominant or two codominant ASVs, and codominance was more likely to occur when the genetic distance between the two codominant ASVs was small; and (5) the beta diversity of <i>Burkholderia</i> was significantly different between the two host species (PerMANOVA: both Jaccard and Bray–Curtis, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and among localities (PerMANOVA: both Jaccard and Bray–Curtis, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Two-way PerMANOVA also indicated that both the host (Bray–Curtis, <i>p</i> = 0.020; Jaccard, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and geographical location (Bray–Curtis, <i>p</i> = 0.041; Jaccard, <i>p</i> = 0.045) influence <i>Burkholderia</i> communities; furthermore, Mantel tests showed that the <i>Burkholderia</i> communities were significantly correlated with the geographical distance of sample locations (R = 0.056, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Together, our findings demonstrate the fine-scale diversity of <i>Burkholderia</i> symbionts and suggest a region- and host-dependent pattern of <i>Burkholderia</i> in <i>Riptortus</i> stinkbugs. |
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| ISSN: | 2076-2607 |