The incidence of outpatient care within 24 months from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population: a multicenter population-based cohort study
Abstract Background The long-term effects of COVID-19, which can vary significantly in type and timing, are considered relevant and impacting on the well-being of individuals. The present study aims to assess the incidence of outpatient care in the post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in two Ita...
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| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-01-01
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| Series: | BMC Infectious Diseases |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10526-0 |
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| author | Federico Banchelli Carlo Gagliotti Angela De Paoli Rossella Buttazzi Elena Narne Enrico Ricchizzi Silvia Pierobon Ugo Fedeli Gisella Pitter Elisa Fabbri Michele Tonon Elisa Gentilotti Maurizia Rolli Evelina Tacconelli Maria Luisa Moro Francesca Russo Elena Berti |
| author_facet | Federico Banchelli Carlo Gagliotti Angela De Paoli Rossella Buttazzi Elena Narne Enrico Ricchizzi Silvia Pierobon Ugo Fedeli Gisella Pitter Elisa Fabbri Michele Tonon Elisa Gentilotti Maurizia Rolli Evelina Tacconelli Maria Luisa Moro Francesca Russo Elena Berti |
| author_sort | Federico Banchelli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The long-term effects of COVID-19, which can vary significantly in type and timing, are considered relevant and impacting on the well-being of individuals. The present study aims to assess the incidence of outpatient care in the post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in two Italian regions. Methods The study has a multicentre, population-based, pre-post, repeated measures design to compare the incidence rate of access to outpatient visits and diagnostics before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection, considering a follow-up of 24 months. The study made use of previously recorded large-scale healthcare data available in the administrative databases of the Emilia-Romagna (E-R) and Veneto regions. Analyses were carried out separately in the two regions and results were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Results There were 27,140 subjects in E-R and 22,876 in Veneto who were included in the analysis. The pooled outputs showed an increase in rates of outpatient visits and diagnostics starting from month 2 after SARS-CoV-2 infection (IRR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.56–1.81) with a peak at month 4 (IRR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.95–2.15); the increase continued with reduced intensity up to month 15. Stratified analysis revealed that subjects with severe acute COVID-19 had a higher increase in rates (up to IRR = 3.96, 95% CI = 2.89–5.44), as well as patients with no comorbidities (up to IRR = 2.71, 95% CI = 2.60–2.83). Conclusion Long-term effects of COVID-19 include an increase in the healthcare burden especially in the first months after the acute infection. The increased demand for resources can last up to two years after infection in particular subgroups of patients such as subjects admitted to hospital during the acute phase due to the severe presentation of the disease. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bb5668f72b3e479a9a2c5395552801b7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2334 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Infectious Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-bb5668f72b3e479a9a2c5395552801b72025-02-02T12:10:45ZengBMCBMC Infectious Diseases1471-23342025-01-0125111110.1186/s12879-025-10526-0The incidence of outpatient care within 24 months from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population: a multicenter population-based cohort studyFederico Banchelli0Carlo Gagliotti1Angela De Paoli2Rossella Buttazzi3Elena Narne4Enrico Ricchizzi5Silvia Pierobon6Ugo Fedeli7Gisella Pitter8Elisa Fabbri9Michele Tonon10Elisa Gentilotti11Maurizia Rolli12Evelina Tacconelli13Maria Luisa Moro14Francesca Russo15Elena Berti16Department of innovation in healthcare and social services, Emilia-Romagna RegionDepartment of innovation in healthcare and social services, Emilia-Romagna RegionAzienda ZeroDepartment of innovation in healthcare and social services, Emilia-Romagna RegionAzienda ZeroDepartment of innovation in healthcare and social services, Emilia-Romagna RegionAzienda ZeroAzienda ZeroAzienda ZeroDepartment of innovation in healthcare and social services, Emilia-Romagna RegionDirectorate of prevention, food safety, and veterinary public health, Veneto RegionDepartment of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of VeronaDepartment of innovation in healthcare and social services, Emilia-Romagna RegionDepartment of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of VeronaRegional Health and Social Care Agency, Emilia-Romagna RegionDirectorate of prevention, food safety, and veterinary public health, Veneto RegionDepartment of innovation in healthcare and social services, Emilia-Romagna RegionAbstract Background The long-term effects of COVID-19, which can vary significantly in type and timing, are considered relevant and impacting on the well-being of individuals. The present study aims to assess the incidence of outpatient care in the post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in two Italian regions. Methods The study has a multicentre, population-based, pre-post, repeated measures design to compare the incidence rate of access to outpatient visits and diagnostics before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection, considering a follow-up of 24 months. The study made use of previously recorded large-scale healthcare data available in the administrative databases of the Emilia-Romagna (E-R) and Veneto regions. Analyses were carried out separately in the two regions and results were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Results There were 27,140 subjects in E-R and 22,876 in Veneto who were included in the analysis. The pooled outputs showed an increase in rates of outpatient visits and diagnostics starting from month 2 after SARS-CoV-2 infection (IRR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.56–1.81) with a peak at month 4 (IRR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.95–2.15); the increase continued with reduced intensity up to month 15. Stratified analysis revealed that subjects with severe acute COVID-19 had a higher increase in rates (up to IRR = 3.96, 95% CI = 2.89–5.44), as well as patients with no comorbidities (up to IRR = 2.71, 95% CI = 2.60–2.83). Conclusion Long-term effects of COVID-19 include an increase in the healthcare burden especially in the first months after the acute infection. The increased demand for resources can last up to two years after infection in particular subgroups of patients such as subjects admitted to hospital during the acute phase due to the severe presentation of the disease.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10526-0SARS-CoV-2Post-COVIDLong-term COVID-19 sequelaeOutpatient carePre-post studyPopulation-based cohort |
| spellingShingle | Federico Banchelli Carlo Gagliotti Angela De Paoli Rossella Buttazzi Elena Narne Enrico Ricchizzi Silvia Pierobon Ugo Fedeli Gisella Pitter Elisa Fabbri Michele Tonon Elisa Gentilotti Maurizia Rolli Evelina Tacconelli Maria Luisa Moro Francesca Russo Elena Berti The incidence of outpatient care within 24 months from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population: a multicenter population-based cohort study BMC Infectious Diseases SARS-CoV-2 Post-COVID Long-term COVID-19 sequelae Outpatient care Pre-post study Population-based cohort |
| title | The incidence of outpatient care within 24 months from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population: a multicenter population-based cohort study |
| title_full | The incidence of outpatient care within 24 months from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population: a multicenter population-based cohort study |
| title_fullStr | The incidence of outpatient care within 24 months from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population: a multicenter population-based cohort study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The incidence of outpatient care within 24 months from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population: a multicenter population-based cohort study |
| title_short | The incidence of outpatient care within 24 months from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population: a multicenter population-based cohort study |
| title_sort | incidence of outpatient care within 24 months from sars cov 2 infection in the general population a multicenter population based cohort study |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 Post-COVID Long-term COVID-19 sequelae Outpatient care Pre-post study Population-based cohort |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10526-0 |
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