A Preliminary Study on the Functionality of the Carotid-Vertebral Anastomotic Artery in the Regulation of Blood Flow in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) by Duplex Ultrasound Examination
Postural change intermittently between upright and head down in giraffes standing at a height of 4.5 meters is of physiological significance. The length of a giraffe’s neck denotes the flow of blood against the force of gravity, to supply the brain over a 2 m distance. The force of gravity also affe...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wiley
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Zoology |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8395360 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832546692910546944 |
|---|---|
| author | Marna S. van der Walt Willem Daffue Jacqueline Goedhals Corna Serfontein Francois Deacon |
| author_facet | Marna S. van der Walt Willem Daffue Jacqueline Goedhals Corna Serfontein Francois Deacon |
| author_sort | Marna S. van der Walt |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Postural change intermittently between upright and head down in giraffes standing at a height of 4.5 meters is of physiological significance. The length of a giraffe’s neck denotes the flow of blood against the force of gravity, to supply the brain over a 2 m distance. The force of gravity also affects the flow of blood toward the brain, with a posture change from erect to ground level. How do these changes in stance not result in fainting when the head is raised and brain damage when the head is lowered? Giraffe has an advanced interconnection of the common carotid artery and the vertebral artery. The connection is located at the midpoint of the atlas, as indicated by means of computerized tomography and dissection. Duplex ultrasound with Doppler waveform examination showed the unidirectional movement of blood with movement from the vertebral artery into the common carotid artery when the head is erect. The direction of flow allows the provision of blood to the maxillary artery that feeds the rostral epidural rete that supplies to the brain. The flow direction in the carotid-vertebral connection changes when blood moves in the direction of the head along with the force of gravity, when the head is lowered. The rerouting of blood to move from the common carotid into the vertebral artery prevents brain damage. We have confirmed, by utilizing a CT scan, Doppler sonar, and dissection of latex-filled arteries, the existence and blood flow direction within the anastomotic artery associated with variation in posture in the giraffe. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bab2f0d34edb4dcead23171a9a7a3770 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1687-8485 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Zoology |
| spelling | doaj-art-bab2f0d34edb4dcead23171a9a7a37702025-02-03T06:47:30ZengWileyInternational Journal of Zoology1687-84852023-01-01202310.1155/2023/8395360A Preliminary Study on the Functionality of the Carotid-Vertebral Anastomotic Artery in the Regulation of Blood Flow in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) by Duplex Ultrasound ExaminationMarna S. van der Walt0Willem Daffue1Jacqueline Goedhals2Corna Serfontein3Francois Deacon4Department of AnimalKroonstad DierehospitaalDepartment of Anatomical PathologyBloemfontein MediclinicDepartment of AnimalPostural change intermittently between upright and head down in giraffes standing at a height of 4.5 meters is of physiological significance. The length of a giraffe’s neck denotes the flow of blood against the force of gravity, to supply the brain over a 2 m distance. The force of gravity also affects the flow of blood toward the brain, with a posture change from erect to ground level. How do these changes in stance not result in fainting when the head is raised and brain damage when the head is lowered? Giraffe has an advanced interconnection of the common carotid artery and the vertebral artery. The connection is located at the midpoint of the atlas, as indicated by means of computerized tomography and dissection. Duplex ultrasound with Doppler waveform examination showed the unidirectional movement of blood with movement from the vertebral artery into the common carotid artery when the head is erect. The direction of flow allows the provision of blood to the maxillary artery that feeds the rostral epidural rete that supplies to the brain. The flow direction in the carotid-vertebral connection changes when blood moves in the direction of the head along with the force of gravity, when the head is lowered. The rerouting of blood to move from the common carotid into the vertebral artery prevents brain damage. We have confirmed, by utilizing a CT scan, Doppler sonar, and dissection of latex-filled arteries, the existence and blood flow direction within the anastomotic artery associated with variation in posture in the giraffe.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8395360 |
| spellingShingle | Marna S. van der Walt Willem Daffue Jacqueline Goedhals Corna Serfontein Francois Deacon A Preliminary Study on the Functionality of the Carotid-Vertebral Anastomotic Artery in the Regulation of Blood Flow in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) by Duplex Ultrasound Examination International Journal of Zoology |
| title | A Preliminary Study on the Functionality of the Carotid-Vertebral Anastomotic Artery in the Regulation of Blood Flow in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) by Duplex Ultrasound Examination |
| title_full | A Preliminary Study on the Functionality of the Carotid-Vertebral Anastomotic Artery in the Regulation of Blood Flow in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) by Duplex Ultrasound Examination |
| title_fullStr | A Preliminary Study on the Functionality of the Carotid-Vertebral Anastomotic Artery in the Regulation of Blood Flow in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) by Duplex Ultrasound Examination |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Preliminary Study on the Functionality of the Carotid-Vertebral Anastomotic Artery in the Regulation of Blood Flow in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) by Duplex Ultrasound Examination |
| title_short | A Preliminary Study on the Functionality of the Carotid-Vertebral Anastomotic Artery in the Regulation of Blood Flow in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) by Duplex Ultrasound Examination |
| title_sort | preliminary study on the functionality of the carotid vertebral anastomotic artery in the regulation of blood flow in the giraffe giraffa camelopardalis by duplex ultrasound examination |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8395360 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marnasvanderwalt apreliminarystudyonthefunctionalityofthecarotidvertebralanastomoticarteryintheregulationofbloodflowinthegiraffegiraffacamelopardalisbyduplexultrasoundexamination AT willemdaffue apreliminarystudyonthefunctionalityofthecarotidvertebralanastomoticarteryintheregulationofbloodflowinthegiraffegiraffacamelopardalisbyduplexultrasoundexamination AT jacquelinegoedhals apreliminarystudyonthefunctionalityofthecarotidvertebralanastomoticarteryintheregulationofbloodflowinthegiraffegiraffacamelopardalisbyduplexultrasoundexamination AT cornaserfontein apreliminarystudyonthefunctionalityofthecarotidvertebralanastomoticarteryintheregulationofbloodflowinthegiraffegiraffacamelopardalisbyduplexultrasoundexamination AT francoisdeacon apreliminarystudyonthefunctionalityofthecarotidvertebralanastomoticarteryintheregulationofbloodflowinthegiraffegiraffacamelopardalisbyduplexultrasoundexamination AT marnasvanderwalt preliminarystudyonthefunctionalityofthecarotidvertebralanastomoticarteryintheregulationofbloodflowinthegiraffegiraffacamelopardalisbyduplexultrasoundexamination AT willemdaffue preliminarystudyonthefunctionalityofthecarotidvertebralanastomoticarteryintheregulationofbloodflowinthegiraffegiraffacamelopardalisbyduplexultrasoundexamination AT jacquelinegoedhals preliminarystudyonthefunctionalityofthecarotidvertebralanastomoticarteryintheregulationofbloodflowinthegiraffegiraffacamelopardalisbyduplexultrasoundexamination AT cornaserfontein preliminarystudyonthefunctionalityofthecarotidvertebralanastomoticarteryintheregulationofbloodflowinthegiraffegiraffacamelopardalisbyduplexultrasoundexamination AT francoisdeacon preliminarystudyonthefunctionalityofthecarotidvertebralanastomoticarteryintheregulationofbloodflowinthegiraffegiraffacamelopardalisbyduplexultrasoundexamination |