Strength and durability of indirect protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through vaccine and infection-acquired immunity
Abstract Early investigation revealed a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among social contacts of COVID-19 vaccinated individuals, referred to as indirect protection. However, indirect protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection-acquired immunity and its comparative strength and durability to vaccine-d...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Nature Communications |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55029-9 |
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| author | Sophia T. Tan Isabel Rodríguez-Barraquer Ada T. Kwan Seth Blumberg Hailey J. Park Justine Hutchinson David Leidner Joseph A. Lewnard David Sears Nathan C. Lo |
| author_facet | Sophia T. Tan Isabel Rodríguez-Barraquer Ada T. Kwan Seth Blumberg Hailey J. Park Justine Hutchinson David Leidner Joseph A. Lewnard David Sears Nathan C. Lo |
| author_sort | Sophia T. Tan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Early investigation revealed a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among social contacts of COVID-19 vaccinated individuals, referred to as indirect protection. However, indirect protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection-acquired immunity and its comparative strength and durability to vaccine-derived indirect protection in the current epidemiologic context of high levels of vaccination, prior infection, and novel variants are not well characterized. Here, we show that both vaccine-derived and infection-acquired immunity independently yield indirect protection to close social contacts with key differences in their strength and waning. Analyzing anonymized SARS-CoV-2 surveillance data from 9,625 residents in California state prisons from December 2021 to December 2022, we find that vaccine-derived indirect protection against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection is strongest within three months of COVID-19 vaccination [30% (95% confidence interval: 20–38%)] with subsequent modest protection. Infection-acquired immunity provides 38% (24–50%) indirect protection for 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, with moderate indirect protection persisting for over one year. Variant-targeted vaccines (bivalent formulation including Omicron subvariants BA.4/BA.5) confer strong indirect protection for at least three months [40% (3–63%)]. These results demonstrate that both vaccine-derived and infection-acquired immunity can reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission which is important for understanding long-term transmission dynamics and can guide public health intervention, especially in high-risk environments such as prisons. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b5e1256ea20442809e892336e1e5f27d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2041-1723 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nature Communications |
| spelling | doaj-art-b5e1256ea20442809e892336e1e5f27d2025-02-02T12:33:05ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-01-0116111010.1038/s41467-024-55029-9Strength and durability of indirect protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through vaccine and infection-acquired immunitySophia T. Tan0Isabel Rodríguez-Barraquer1Ada T. Kwan2Seth Blumberg3Hailey J. Park4Justine Hutchinson5David Leidner6Joseph A. Lewnard7David Sears8Nathan C. Lo9Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityDivision of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaF.I. Proctor Foundation, University of CaliforniaDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityCalifornia Correctional Health Care ServicesCalifornia Department of Corrections and RehabilitationDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of CaliforniaDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityAbstract Early investigation revealed a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among social contacts of COVID-19 vaccinated individuals, referred to as indirect protection. However, indirect protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection-acquired immunity and its comparative strength and durability to vaccine-derived indirect protection in the current epidemiologic context of high levels of vaccination, prior infection, and novel variants are not well characterized. Here, we show that both vaccine-derived and infection-acquired immunity independently yield indirect protection to close social contacts with key differences in their strength and waning. Analyzing anonymized SARS-CoV-2 surveillance data from 9,625 residents in California state prisons from December 2021 to December 2022, we find that vaccine-derived indirect protection against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection is strongest within three months of COVID-19 vaccination [30% (95% confidence interval: 20–38%)] with subsequent modest protection. Infection-acquired immunity provides 38% (24–50%) indirect protection for 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, with moderate indirect protection persisting for over one year. Variant-targeted vaccines (bivalent formulation including Omicron subvariants BA.4/BA.5) confer strong indirect protection for at least three months [40% (3–63%)]. These results demonstrate that both vaccine-derived and infection-acquired immunity can reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission which is important for understanding long-term transmission dynamics and can guide public health intervention, especially in high-risk environments such as prisons.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55029-9 |
| spellingShingle | Sophia T. Tan Isabel Rodríguez-Barraquer Ada T. Kwan Seth Blumberg Hailey J. Park Justine Hutchinson David Leidner Joseph A. Lewnard David Sears Nathan C. Lo Strength and durability of indirect protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through vaccine and infection-acquired immunity Nature Communications |
| title | Strength and durability of indirect protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through vaccine and infection-acquired immunity |
| title_full | Strength and durability of indirect protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through vaccine and infection-acquired immunity |
| title_fullStr | Strength and durability of indirect protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through vaccine and infection-acquired immunity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Strength and durability of indirect protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through vaccine and infection-acquired immunity |
| title_short | Strength and durability of indirect protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through vaccine and infection-acquired immunity |
| title_sort | strength and durability of indirect protection against sars cov 2 infection through vaccine and infection acquired immunity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55029-9 |
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