A Survey of Vehicle System and Energy Models
Vehicle system models can be roughly divided into two categories, dynamic and steady-state (or quasi-steady-state) models, and can be applied to evaluate vehicle transient performance such as vehicle longitudinal and lateral dynamics, as well as energy economies like fuel or electricity consumption....
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Actuators |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/14/1/10 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832589563188477952 |
|---|---|
| author | Lingyun Hua Jian Tang Guoming Zhu |
| author_facet | Lingyun Hua Jian Tang Guoming Zhu |
| author_sort | Lingyun Hua |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vehicle system models can be roughly divided into two categories, dynamic and steady-state (or quasi-steady-state) models, and can be applied to evaluate vehicle transient performance such as vehicle longitudinal and lateral dynamics, as well as energy economies like fuel or electricity consumption. This paper reviews various energy consumption models for automotive systems, focusing on component- and vehicle-level models. As the foundation to calculate the energy consumption, powertrain component models of three main vehicle types (internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid vehicles) are reviewed with their key components, including internal combustion engines, electric motors, and batteries. Three types of vehicle energy consumption models are explored according to their interpretability: white-box, black-box, and grey-box models. Optimizing vehicle energy usage based upon a vehicle energy consumption model is reviewed from the aspects of eco-driving and eco-routing problems at the end of the paper. Eco-driving research primarily selects models focusing on transient performance; whereas eco-routing focuses on steady-state or quasi-steady-state conditions to balance the needs of model accuracy and calculation efficiency for real-time applications. This review aims to guide model selection and inspire future applications of energy consumption models for advancing sustainable automotive technologies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b019a6b0eb8643c983a02700010512fd |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-0825 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Actuators |
| spelling | doaj-art-b019a6b0eb8643c983a02700010512fd2025-01-24T13:15:09ZengMDPI AGActuators2076-08252025-01-011411010.3390/act14010010A Survey of Vehicle System and Energy ModelsLingyun Hua0Jian Tang1Guoming Zhu2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAVehicle system models can be roughly divided into two categories, dynamic and steady-state (or quasi-steady-state) models, and can be applied to evaluate vehicle transient performance such as vehicle longitudinal and lateral dynamics, as well as energy economies like fuel or electricity consumption. This paper reviews various energy consumption models for automotive systems, focusing on component- and vehicle-level models. As the foundation to calculate the energy consumption, powertrain component models of three main vehicle types (internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid vehicles) are reviewed with their key components, including internal combustion engines, electric motors, and batteries. Three types of vehicle energy consumption models are explored according to their interpretability: white-box, black-box, and grey-box models. Optimizing vehicle energy usage based upon a vehicle energy consumption model is reviewed from the aspects of eco-driving and eco-routing problems at the end of the paper. Eco-driving research primarily selects models focusing on transient performance; whereas eco-routing focuses on steady-state or quasi-steady-state conditions to balance the needs of model accuracy and calculation efficiency for real-time applications. This review aims to guide model selection and inspire future applications of energy consumption models for advancing sustainable automotive technologies.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/14/1/10vehicle powertrain modelpowertrain component modelvehicle energy consumption modeleconomy route optimizationeconomy route–speed optimization |
| spellingShingle | Lingyun Hua Jian Tang Guoming Zhu A Survey of Vehicle System and Energy Models Actuators vehicle powertrain model powertrain component model vehicle energy consumption model economy route optimization economy route–speed optimization |
| title | A Survey of Vehicle System and Energy Models |
| title_full | A Survey of Vehicle System and Energy Models |
| title_fullStr | A Survey of Vehicle System and Energy Models |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Survey of Vehicle System and Energy Models |
| title_short | A Survey of Vehicle System and Energy Models |
| title_sort | survey of vehicle system and energy models |
| topic | vehicle powertrain model powertrain component model vehicle energy consumption model economy route optimization economy route–speed optimization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/14/1/10 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lingyunhua asurveyofvehiclesystemandenergymodels AT jiantang asurveyofvehiclesystemandenergymodels AT guomingzhu asurveyofvehiclesystemandenergymodels AT lingyunhua surveyofvehiclesystemandenergymodels AT jiantang surveyofvehiclesystemandenergymodels AT guomingzhu surveyofvehiclesystemandenergymodels |