Influence of surfactant type on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic foams
Abstract Surfactant chemistry can affect the phenolic foam (PF) properties by controlling the collision and combination of the created bubbles during foam production. The study was accomplished using two surfactant families, nonionic: polysorbate (Tween80) and anionic: sodium and ammonium lauryl sul...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87255-6 |
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| author | Mohammad Hamid Shadnia Sajad Rasouli Mohammad Fasihi |
| author_facet | Mohammad Hamid Shadnia Sajad Rasouli Mohammad Fasihi |
| author_sort | Mohammad Hamid Shadnia |
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| description | Abstract Surfactant chemistry can affect the phenolic foam (PF) properties by controlling the collision and combination of the created bubbles during foam production. The study was accomplished using two surfactant families, nonionic: polysorbate (Tween80) and anionic: sodium and ammonium lauryl sulfates (SLS30 and ALS70) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES270) to manufacture PF foams. Tween80 and SLS30 resulted in foams with the lowest and highest densities, 20.2 ± 0.2 and 42.72 ± 0.4 kg/m3, respectively. All the surfactants created an open-cell morphology, except Tween80 with a semi-open-cell structure consisting of large cells and thicker cell wall thickness. The anionic surfactant had better performance, the foams made by SLS30 had cells with diameters of 338.5 ± 18.5 and cell density of 2.5 cell/mm3 × 105. While the SLES270 made foam with the highest cell density and the smallest cell size that caused higher compressive strength. The SLES270 led to keeping the foam flexibility even under the fire exposition, and it increased the thermal insulation by 50% while the other samples were turned into fragile foam. A higher level of polarity in SLES270 caused better micelle production and then better bubble formation, followed by the bubble coalition. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-af7832cfef3c43819334eb26cbee24e4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-af7832cfef3c43819334eb26cbee24e42025-01-26T12:25:34ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115111510.1038/s41598-025-87255-6Influence of surfactant type on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic foamsMohammad Hamid Shadnia0Sajad Rasouli1Mohammad Fasihi2School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemical, Polymeric and Petrochemical Technologies Development, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI)School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)Abstract Surfactant chemistry can affect the phenolic foam (PF) properties by controlling the collision and combination of the created bubbles during foam production. The study was accomplished using two surfactant families, nonionic: polysorbate (Tween80) and anionic: sodium and ammonium lauryl sulfates (SLS30 and ALS70) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES270) to manufacture PF foams. Tween80 and SLS30 resulted in foams with the lowest and highest densities, 20.2 ± 0.2 and 42.72 ± 0.4 kg/m3, respectively. All the surfactants created an open-cell morphology, except Tween80 with a semi-open-cell structure consisting of large cells and thicker cell wall thickness. The anionic surfactant had better performance, the foams made by SLS30 had cells with diameters of 338.5 ± 18.5 and cell density of 2.5 cell/mm3 × 105. While the SLES270 made foam with the highest cell density and the smallest cell size that caused higher compressive strength. The SLES270 led to keeping the foam flexibility even under the fire exposition, and it increased the thermal insulation by 50% while the other samples were turned into fragile foam. A higher level of polarity in SLES270 caused better micelle production and then better bubble formation, followed by the bubble coalition.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87255-6Phenolic foamNonionic surfactantAnionic surfactantsThermal stabilityCompressive strengthFire resistance |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad Hamid Shadnia Sajad Rasouli Mohammad Fasihi Influence of surfactant type on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic foams Scientific Reports Phenolic foam Nonionic surfactant Anionic surfactants Thermal stability Compressive strength Fire resistance |
| title | Influence of surfactant type on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic foams |
| title_full | Influence of surfactant type on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic foams |
| title_fullStr | Influence of surfactant type on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic foams |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of surfactant type on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic foams |
| title_short | Influence of surfactant type on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic foams |
| title_sort | influence of surfactant type on the microstructure mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic foams |
| topic | Phenolic foam Nonionic surfactant Anionic surfactants Thermal stability Compressive strength Fire resistance |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87255-6 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mohammadhamidshadnia influenceofsurfactanttypeonthemicrostructuremechanicalandthermalpropertiesofphenolicfoams AT sajadrasouli influenceofsurfactanttypeonthemicrostructuremechanicalandthermalpropertiesofphenolicfoams AT mohammadfasihi influenceofsurfactanttypeonthemicrostructuremechanicalandthermalpropertiesofphenolicfoams |