Biocompatible low-voltage electrothermal actuators with biological operational temperature range

Abstract Muscle loss can severely affect movement and physiological functions, driving interest in artificial muscle development. Although various soft actuators exist, ensuring biocompatibility—especially in terms of heat transfer and non-cytotoxicity—remains a key challenge. To address these issue...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Adéla Slavíková, Benjamin C. Baker, Marcos Villeda-Hernandez, Annabel Coekin, Julia Kwasniewska, Tim Good, Mina Aleemardani, Heidi Snethen, James P. K. Armstrong, Charl F. J. Faul
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Communications Materials
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-025-00893-1
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