Microstructural and defect characterization in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy deposition
This study investigates the microstructural characteristics and defect formation in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy deposition (MBL-DED). The research aims to understand how the MBL-DED process can effectively control the bead...
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Advanced Joining Processes |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666330925000093 |
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| author | Kholqillah Ardhian Ilman Yorihiro Yamashita Takahiro Kunimine |
| author_facet | Kholqillah Ardhian Ilman Yorihiro Yamashita Takahiro Kunimine |
| author_sort | Kholqillah Ardhian Ilman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigates the microstructural characteristics and defect formation in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy deposition (MBL-DED). The research aims to understand how the MBL-DED process can effectively control the bead formation with meltpool or without meltpool by leveraging the multi-beam laser focusing position in the MBL-DED system, and maintain the equiatomic balance of the HEA deposited on substrate surfaces by controlling the bead formation without meltpool and addressing potential defects. The formation of meltpool typically leads to mixing between the base material and the deposited HEA bead, altering the equiatomic balance and reducing the alloy's ability to stabilize the solid-solution phase. The multi-beam laser focusing position of the six laser beams of the MBL-DED system was adjusted to 0.5 mm above the substrate surface, with varying laser powers (80–160 W) and scanning speeds (10–40 mm/s). Hereafter, this laser geometry is called as overfocusing position, ∆f, of 0.5 mm. This method shifted the process dynamics from a conventional meltpool formation to a thin reaction layer formation (no-meltpool formation). At a laser power of 140 W and a scanning speed of 30 mm/s, the absence of meltpool was observed. However, at 120 W, bead discontinuity increased with higher scanning speeds. Additionally, higher speeds and lower powers resulted in increased porosity, supported by partially melted and unmelted powder. Microstructural analysis revealed that increasing scanning speeds reduced grain size, transitioning from larger and uniform grains to finer and irregular grains. This research demonstrates the potential of the MBL-DED system in optimizing the HEA powder processing by controlling meltpool formation and mitigating defects, and in contributing to open up a new joining processing technology with less reaction layer through additive manufacturing. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a9ba3bd7489b4b9dbb25ff133ba7772b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2666-3309 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Advanced Joining Processes |
| spelling | doaj-art-a9ba3bd7489b4b9dbb25ff133ba7772b2025-02-02T05:29:22ZengElsevierJournal of Advanced Joining Processes2666-33092025-06-0111100288Microstructural and defect characterization in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy depositionKholqillah Ardhian Ilman0Yorihiro Yamashita1Takahiro Kunimine2Division of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Central Java, 57169, IndonesiaFaculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, JapanFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; Corresponding author.This study investigates the microstructural characteristics and defect formation in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy deposition (MBL-DED). The research aims to understand how the MBL-DED process can effectively control the bead formation with meltpool or without meltpool by leveraging the multi-beam laser focusing position in the MBL-DED system, and maintain the equiatomic balance of the HEA deposited on substrate surfaces by controlling the bead formation without meltpool and addressing potential defects. The formation of meltpool typically leads to mixing between the base material and the deposited HEA bead, altering the equiatomic balance and reducing the alloy's ability to stabilize the solid-solution phase. The multi-beam laser focusing position of the six laser beams of the MBL-DED system was adjusted to 0.5 mm above the substrate surface, with varying laser powers (80–160 W) and scanning speeds (10–40 mm/s). Hereafter, this laser geometry is called as overfocusing position, ∆f, of 0.5 mm. This method shifted the process dynamics from a conventional meltpool formation to a thin reaction layer formation (no-meltpool formation). At a laser power of 140 W and a scanning speed of 30 mm/s, the absence of meltpool was observed. However, at 120 W, bead discontinuity increased with higher scanning speeds. Additionally, higher speeds and lower powers resulted in increased porosity, supported by partially melted and unmelted powder. Microstructural analysis revealed that increasing scanning speeds reduced grain size, transitioning from larger and uniform grains to finer and irregular grains. This research demonstrates the potential of the MBL-DED system in optimizing the HEA powder processing by controlling meltpool formation and mitigating defects, and in contributing to open up a new joining processing technology with less reaction layer through additive manufacturing.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666330925000093Multi-beam laser directed energy deposition (MBL-DED)High-entropy alloy (HEA)Meltpool controlGrain refinementDefect formation |
| spellingShingle | Kholqillah Ardhian Ilman Yorihiro Yamashita Takahiro Kunimine Microstructural and defect characterization in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy deposition Journal of Advanced Joining Processes Multi-beam laser directed energy deposition (MBL-DED) High-entropy alloy (HEA) Meltpool control Grain refinement Defect formation |
| title | Microstructural and defect characterization in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy deposition |
| title_full | Microstructural and defect characterization in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy deposition |
| title_fullStr | Microstructural and defect characterization in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy deposition |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microstructural and defect characterization in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy deposition |
| title_short | Microstructural and defect characterization in single beads of the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy processed by the multi-beam laser directed energy deposition |
| title_sort | microstructural and defect characterization in single beads of the crmnfeconi high entropy alloy processed by the multi beam laser directed energy deposition |
| topic | Multi-beam laser directed energy deposition (MBL-DED) High-entropy alloy (HEA) Meltpool control Grain refinement Defect formation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666330925000093 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kholqillahardhianilman microstructuralanddefectcharacterizationinsinglebeadsofthecrmnfeconihighentropyalloyprocessedbythemultibeamlaserdirectedenergydeposition AT yorihiroyamashita microstructuralanddefectcharacterizationinsinglebeadsofthecrmnfeconihighentropyalloyprocessedbythemultibeamlaserdirectedenergydeposition AT takahirokunimine microstructuralanddefectcharacterizationinsinglebeadsofthecrmnfeconihighentropyalloyprocessedbythemultibeamlaserdirectedenergydeposition |