Soluble SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein: considering some potential pathogenic effects

Soluble SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein: considering some potential pathogenic effects

The soluble S1 subunit of Spike protein (SP) from the SARS‐CoV-2 of different variants of concern (VOCs) may directly bind and activate human NK cells in vitro through the engagement of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. This mechanism revealed a novel pathogenic role played by NK cells not on...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Bruno Azzarone, Nadine Landolina, Francesca Romana Mariotti, Lorenzo Moretta, Enrico Maggi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-06-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
Subjects:
COVID-19
innate response
PASC
post-mRNA vaccine effects
SARS-CoV-2 infection
Spike protein
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1616106/full
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