The Effects of Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone on the Cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: From the Perspectives of Biochemistry and Non-Targeted Metabolomics
2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) is an emerging chlorinated disinfection byproduct (DBP) in bodies of water. However, this compound poses an unknown toxic effect on cyanobacteria. In this study, the toxicological mechanisms of 2,6-DCBQ in <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> (<i>M...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Tianqi Zhang Zhaoyang Wang Liang Wu Chaonan Liu Liang Meng Fuxiang Tian Meifang Hou Haizhuan Lin Jing Ye |
| author_facet | Tianqi Zhang Zhaoyang Wang Liang Wu Chaonan Liu Liang Meng Fuxiang Tian Meifang Hou Haizhuan Lin Jing Ye |
| author_sort | Tianqi Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) is an emerging chlorinated disinfection byproduct (DBP) in bodies of water. However, this compound poses an unknown toxic effect on cyanobacteria. In this study, the toxicological mechanisms of 2,6-DCBQ in <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> (<i>M. aeruginosa</i>) were investigated through physiological and nontargeted metabolomic assessments. The results show that 2,6-DCBQ inhibited the growth of <i>M. aeruginosa</i>, reduced its photosynthetic pigment and protein contents, increased the levels of reactive oxygen species, damaged the antioxidant defense system, and aggravated the cytomembrane. Meanwhile, 2,6-DCBQ stimulated the production and release of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and altered the transcripts of genes associated with its synthesis (<i>mcyA</i>, <i>mcyD</i>) and transport (<i>mcyH</i>). In addition, nontargeted metabolomics of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> cells exposed to 0.1 mg/L 2,6-DCBQ identified 208 differential metabolites belonging to 10 metabolic pathways and revealed the considerable interference caused by 2,6-DCBQ among ABC transporters, the two-component system, and folate biosynthesis. This study deepens the understanding of the physiological and nontargeted metabolomic responses of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> exposed to 2,6-DCBQ, offers insights into the toxic effect of 2,6-DCBQ on <i>M. aeruginosa</i>, and provides a theoretical basis for the ecological risk assessment of emerging DBPs in accordance with water quality criteria. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a65c12bc30a84af3847f5f21e9c17e92 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj-art-a65c12bc30a84af3847f5f21e9c17e922025-01-24T13:51:07ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042025-01-011316410.3390/toxics13010064The Effects of Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone on the Cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: From the Perspectives of Biochemistry and Non-Targeted MetabolomicsTianqi Zhang0Zhaoyang Wang1Liang Wu2Chaonan Liu3Liang Meng4Fuxiang Tian5Meifang Hou6Haizhuan Lin7Jing Ye8School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, ChinaSchool of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, ChinaDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USASchool of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, ChinaSchool of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, ChinaSchool of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, ChinaSchool of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, ChinaCollege of Architecture and Energy Engineering, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 325000, ChinaSchool of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) is an emerging chlorinated disinfection byproduct (DBP) in bodies of water. However, this compound poses an unknown toxic effect on cyanobacteria. In this study, the toxicological mechanisms of 2,6-DCBQ in <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> (<i>M. aeruginosa</i>) were investigated through physiological and nontargeted metabolomic assessments. The results show that 2,6-DCBQ inhibited the growth of <i>M. aeruginosa</i>, reduced its photosynthetic pigment and protein contents, increased the levels of reactive oxygen species, damaged the antioxidant defense system, and aggravated the cytomembrane. Meanwhile, 2,6-DCBQ stimulated the production and release of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and altered the transcripts of genes associated with its synthesis (<i>mcyA</i>, <i>mcyD</i>) and transport (<i>mcyH</i>). In addition, nontargeted metabolomics of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> cells exposed to 0.1 mg/L 2,6-DCBQ identified 208 differential metabolites belonging to 10 metabolic pathways and revealed the considerable interference caused by 2,6-DCBQ among ABC transporters, the two-component system, and folate biosynthesis. This study deepens the understanding of the physiological and nontargeted metabolomic responses of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> exposed to 2,6-DCBQ, offers insights into the toxic effect of 2,6-DCBQ on <i>M. aeruginosa</i>, and provides a theoretical basis for the ecological risk assessment of emerging DBPs in accordance with water quality criteria.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/1/642,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone<i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>toxic effectnon-targeted metabolomicswater quality criteria |
| spellingShingle | Tianqi Zhang Zhaoyang Wang Liang Wu Chaonan Liu Liang Meng Fuxiang Tian Meifang Hou Haizhuan Lin Jing Ye The Effects of Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone on the Cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: From the Perspectives of Biochemistry and Non-Targeted Metabolomics Toxics 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> toxic effect non-targeted metabolomics water quality criteria |
| title | The Effects of Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone on the Cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: From the Perspectives of Biochemistry and Non-Targeted Metabolomics |
| title_full | The Effects of Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone on the Cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: From the Perspectives of Biochemistry and Non-Targeted Metabolomics |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone on the Cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: From the Perspectives of Biochemistry and Non-Targeted Metabolomics |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone on the Cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: From the Perspectives of Biochemistry and Non-Targeted Metabolomics |
| title_short | The Effects of Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone on the Cyanobacterium <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: From the Perspectives of Biochemistry and Non-Targeted Metabolomics |
| title_sort | effects of disinfection byproduct 2 6 dichloro 1 4 benzoquinone on the cyanobacterium i microcystis aeruginosa i from the perspectives of biochemistry and non targeted metabolomics |
| topic | 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> toxic effect non-targeted metabolomics water quality criteria |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/1/64 |
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