Characterization of Ghanaian clays as raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite
Clay minerals are inexpensive and widely available starting materials for the synthesis of zeolites, such as ZSM-5. In this work, clay samples were collected from Anfoega, Mfensi, Teleku-Bokazo, and Tetebu clay reserves in Ghana and used as sources of silica and alumina for the synthesis of ZSM-5 ze...
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Scientific African |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227625000419 |
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| author | Benjamin K. Kokloku Johannes A.M. Awudza Michael B. Mensah Mizpah A.D. Rockson Francis Kemausuor |
| author_facet | Benjamin K. Kokloku Johannes A.M. Awudza Michael B. Mensah Mizpah A.D. Rockson Francis Kemausuor |
| author_sort | Benjamin K. Kokloku |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Clay minerals are inexpensive and widely available starting materials for the synthesis of zeolites, such as ZSM-5. In this work, clay samples were collected from Anfoega, Mfensi, Teleku-Bokazo, and Tetebu clay reserves in Ghana and used as sources of silica and alumina for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The raw clay samples were cleaned, pulverized, and calcined, followed by acid leaching to increase the Si/Al molar ratio, and finally passed through a hydrothermal zeolitization process. Powder-X-ray Diffraction (p-XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA-DSC) were used to characterize the clay samples. All four clay samples contained kaolinite and quartz in addition to other clay minerals. Notably, the pre-treatment processes were key in acquiring the ZSM-5 product. Our results suggest that the controlling factor in making the clay samples viable for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite is the final SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio obtained after acid leaching. ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized from all four clay sources at a crystallization temperature and time of 190 °C and 24 h, respectively, demonstrating the potential of the Ghanaian clays as raw materials for zeolite synthesis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-a42681a118734ae4b78c7256ae31dbe2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2468-2276 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific African |
| spelling | doaj-art-a42681a118734ae4b78c7256ae31dbe22025-02-05T04:32:26ZengElsevierScientific African2468-22762025-03-0127e02570Characterization of Ghanaian clays as raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeoliteBenjamin K. Kokloku0Johannes A.M. Awudza1Michael B. Mensah2Mizpah A.D. Rockson3Francis Kemausuor4Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-GhanaDepartment of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-GhanaDepartment of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-Ghana; Corresponding author.Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-GhanaDepartment of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-GhanaClay minerals are inexpensive and widely available starting materials for the synthesis of zeolites, such as ZSM-5. In this work, clay samples were collected from Anfoega, Mfensi, Teleku-Bokazo, and Tetebu clay reserves in Ghana and used as sources of silica and alumina for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The raw clay samples were cleaned, pulverized, and calcined, followed by acid leaching to increase the Si/Al molar ratio, and finally passed through a hydrothermal zeolitization process. Powder-X-ray Diffraction (p-XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA-DSC) were used to characterize the clay samples. All four clay samples contained kaolinite and quartz in addition to other clay minerals. Notably, the pre-treatment processes were key in acquiring the ZSM-5 product. Our results suggest that the controlling factor in making the clay samples viable for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite is the final SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio obtained after acid leaching. ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized from all four clay sources at a crystallization temperature and time of 190 °C and 24 h, respectively, demonstrating the potential of the Ghanaian clays as raw materials for zeolite synthesis.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227625000419ClaySilicaAluminaZeoliteZSM-5 zeolite |
| spellingShingle | Benjamin K. Kokloku Johannes A.M. Awudza Michael B. Mensah Mizpah A.D. Rockson Francis Kemausuor Characterization of Ghanaian clays as raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite Scientific African Clay Silica Alumina Zeolite ZSM-5 zeolite |
| title | Characterization of Ghanaian clays as raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite |
| title_full | Characterization of Ghanaian clays as raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of Ghanaian clays as raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of Ghanaian clays as raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite |
| title_short | Characterization of Ghanaian clays as raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite |
| title_sort | characterization of ghanaian clays as raw materials for the synthesis of zsm 5 zeolite |
| topic | Clay Silica Alumina Zeolite ZSM-5 zeolite |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227625000419 |
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