Exploring Mechanical Features of 3D Head and Neck Cancer Models

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presents significant challenges in oncology due to its complex biology and poor prognosis. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models cannot replicate the intricate tumor microenvironment, limiting their usefulness in studying disease mechanism...

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Main Authors: Aleksandra Evangelista, Franca Scocozza, Michele Conti, Ferdinando Auricchio, Bice Conti, Rossella Dorati, Ida Genta, Marco Benazzo, Silvia Pisani
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Journal of Functional Biomaterials
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/3/74
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author Aleksandra Evangelista
Franca Scocozza
Michele Conti
Ferdinando Auricchio
Bice Conti
Rossella Dorati
Ida Genta
Marco Benazzo
Silvia Pisani
author_facet Aleksandra Evangelista
Franca Scocozza
Michele Conti
Ferdinando Auricchio
Bice Conti
Rossella Dorati
Ida Genta
Marco Benazzo
Silvia Pisani
author_sort Aleksandra Evangelista
collection DOAJ
description Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presents significant challenges in oncology due to its complex biology and poor prognosis. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models cannot replicate the intricate tumor microenvironment, limiting their usefulness in studying disease mechanisms and testing therapies. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models provide more realistic platforms that better mimic the architecture, mechanical features, and cellular interactions of HNSCC. This review explores the mechanical properties of 3D in vitro models developed for HNSCC research. It highlights key 3D culture techniques, such as spheroids, organoids, and bioprinted tissues, emphasizing their ability to simulate critical tumor characteristics like hypoxia, drug resistance, and metastasis. Particular attention is given to stiffness, elasticity, and dynamic behavior, highlighting how these models emulate native tumor tissues. By enhancing the physiological relevance of in vitro studies, 3D models offer significant potential to revolutionize HNSCC research and facilitate the development of effective, personalized therapeutic strategies. This review bridges the gap between preclinical and clinical applications by summarizing the mechanical properties of 3D models and providing guidance for developing systems that replicate both biological and mechanical characteristics of tumor tissues, advancing innovation in cancer research and therapy.
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spelling doaj-art-9e1c29bc6bea4e3b9140e40c99a8dc4e2025-08-20T02:42:31ZengMDPI AGJournal of Functional Biomaterials2079-49832025-02-011637410.3390/jfb16030074Exploring Mechanical Features of 3D Head and Neck Cancer ModelsAleksandra Evangelista0Franca Scocozza1Michele Conti2Ferdinando Auricchio3Bice Conti4Rossella Dorati5Ida Genta6Marco Benazzo7Silvia Pisani8Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, ItalyHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presents significant challenges in oncology due to its complex biology and poor prognosis. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models cannot replicate the intricate tumor microenvironment, limiting their usefulness in studying disease mechanisms and testing therapies. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models provide more realistic platforms that better mimic the architecture, mechanical features, and cellular interactions of HNSCC. This review explores the mechanical properties of 3D in vitro models developed for HNSCC research. It highlights key 3D culture techniques, such as spheroids, organoids, and bioprinted tissues, emphasizing their ability to simulate critical tumor characteristics like hypoxia, drug resistance, and metastasis. Particular attention is given to stiffness, elasticity, and dynamic behavior, highlighting how these models emulate native tumor tissues. By enhancing the physiological relevance of in vitro studies, 3D models offer significant potential to revolutionize HNSCC research and facilitate the development of effective, personalized therapeutic strategies. This review bridges the gap between preclinical and clinical applications by summarizing the mechanical properties of 3D models and providing guidance for developing systems that replicate both biological and mechanical characteristics of tumor tissues, advancing innovation in cancer research and therapy.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/3/74HNSCC3D modelsmechanical properties3D bioprintingcancer models
spellingShingle Aleksandra Evangelista
Franca Scocozza
Michele Conti
Ferdinando Auricchio
Bice Conti
Rossella Dorati
Ida Genta
Marco Benazzo
Silvia Pisani
Exploring Mechanical Features of 3D Head and Neck Cancer Models
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
HNSCC
3D models
mechanical properties
3D bioprinting
cancer models
title Exploring Mechanical Features of 3D Head and Neck Cancer Models
title_full Exploring Mechanical Features of 3D Head and Neck Cancer Models
title_fullStr Exploring Mechanical Features of 3D Head and Neck Cancer Models
title_full_unstemmed Exploring Mechanical Features of 3D Head and Neck Cancer Models
title_short Exploring Mechanical Features of 3D Head and Neck Cancer Models
title_sort exploring mechanical features of 3d head and neck cancer models
topic HNSCC
3D models
mechanical properties
3D bioprinting
cancer models
url https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/3/74
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