CTLA-4 and PD-1 combined blockade therapy for malignant melanoma brain metastases: mechanisms, challenges, and prospects
Malignant melanoma brain metastases (MBM) represent one of the deadliest complications of melanoma, with an incidence rate of 7.3%. Among patients with acral and mucosal melanoma, the cumulative 5-year incidence can reach 19.5%, accompanied by poor prognosis. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), an immuno...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1629879/full |
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