Inverse design of face-like 3D surfaces via bi-material 4D printing and shape morphing

Shape morphing from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) structures enables novel fabrication approaches beyond conventional methods but often requires costly tools. Here, we demonstrate a low-cost, bi-material four-dimensional (4D) printing approach to fabricate human face-like 3D gridshe...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Yi-Hung Chiu, Yu-Ting Huang, Mao-Chuan Chen, Yi-Xian Xu, Yu-Chen Yen, Jia-Yang Juang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Virtual and Physical Prototyping
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17452759.2025.2507099
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