Direct 3-D printing of complex optical phantoms using dynamic filament mixing

Abstract We report a method to directly 3-D print complex heterogeneous optical phantoms with programmable tissue-mimicking absorption and scattering properties. The proposed approach utilizes commercially available multi-color mixing extruders and off-the-shelf polylactic acid filaments, making thi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Rahul Ragunathan, Miguel Mireles, Edward Xu, Aiden Lewis, Morris Vanegas, Qianqian Fang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-03-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94390-7
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