Identification of Clusters in a Population With Obesity Using Machine Learning: Secondary Analysis of The Maastricht Study
BackgroundModern lifestyle risk factors, like physical inactivity and poor nutrition, contribute to rising rates of obesity and chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Particularly personalized interventions have been shown to be effective for long-term behav...
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JMIR Publications
2025-02-01
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| Series: | JMIR Medical Informatics |
| Online Access: | https://medinform.jmir.org/2025/1/e64479 |
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| author | Maik JM Beuken Melanie Kleynen Susy Braun Kees Van Berkel Carla van der Kallen Annemarie Koster Hans Bosma Tos TJM Berendschot Alfons JHM Houben Nicole Dukers-Muijrers Joop P van den Bergh Abraham A Kroon Iris M Kanera |
| author_facet | Maik JM Beuken Melanie Kleynen Susy Braun Kees Van Berkel Carla van der Kallen Annemarie Koster Hans Bosma Tos TJM Berendschot Alfons JHM Houben Nicole Dukers-Muijrers Joop P van den Bergh Abraham A Kroon Iris M Kanera |
| author_sort | Maik JM Beuken |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
BackgroundModern lifestyle risk factors, like physical inactivity and poor nutrition, contribute to rising rates of obesity and chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Particularly personalized interventions have been shown to be effective for long-term behavior change. Machine learning can be used to uncover insights without predefined hypotheses, revealing complex relationships and distinct population clusters. New data-driven approaches, such as the factor probabilistic distance clustering algorithm, provide opportunities to identify potentially meaningful clusters within large and complex datasets.
ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify potential clusters and relevant variables among individuals with obesity using a data-driven and hypothesis-free machine learning approach.
MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from individuals with abdominal obesity from The Maastricht Study. Data (2971 variables) included demographics, lifestyle, biomedical aspects, advanced phenotyping, and social factors (cohort 2010). The factor probabilistic distance clustering algorithm was applied in order to detect clusters within this high-dimensional data. To identify a subset of distinct, minimally redundant, predictive variables, we used the statistically equivalent signature algorithm. To describe the clusters, we applied measures of central tendency and variability, and we assessed the distinctiveness of the clusters through the emerged variables using the F test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables at a confidence level of α=.001
ResultsWe identified 3 distinct clusters (including 4128/9188, 44.93% of all data points) among individuals with obesity (n=4128). The most significant continuous variable for distinguishing cluster 1 (n=1458) from clusters 2 and 3 combined (n=2670) was the lower energy intake (mean 1684, SD 393 kcal/day vs mean 2358, SD 635 kcal/day; P<.001). The most significant categorical variable was occupation (P<.001). A significantly higher proportion (1236/1458, 84.77%) in cluster 1 did not work compared to clusters 2 and 3 combined (1486/2670, 55.66%; P<.001). For cluster 2 (n=1521), the most significant continuous variable was a higher energy intake (mean 2755, SD 506.2 kcal/day vs mean 1749, SD 375 kcal/day; P<.001). The most significant categorical variable was sex (P<.001). A significantly higher proportion (997/1521, 65.55%) in cluster 2 were male compared to the other 2 clusters (885/2607, 33.95%; P<.001). For cluster 3 (n=1149), the most significant continuous variable was overall higher cognitive functioning (mean 0.2349, SD 0.5702 vs mean –0.3088, SD 0.7212; P<.001), and educational level was the most significant categorical variable (P<.001). A significantly higher proportion (475/1149, 41.34%) in cluster 3 received higher vocational or university education in comparison to clusters 1 and 2 combined (729/2979, 24.47%; P<.001).
ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that a hypothesis-free and fully data-driven approach can be used to identify distinguishable participant clusters in large and complex datasets and find relevant variables that differ within populations with obesity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-78afe985e59047308e4bcd8b7411601e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2291-9694 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | JMIR Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | JMIR Medical Informatics |
| spelling | doaj-art-78afe985e59047308e4bcd8b7411601e2025-02-05T13:31:50ZengJMIR PublicationsJMIR Medical Informatics2291-96942025-02-0113e6447910.2196/64479Identification of Clusters in a Population With Obesity Using Machine Learning: Secondary Analysis of The Maastricht StudyMaik JM Beukenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8356-2716Melanie Kleynenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6543-6994Susy Braunhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-3428Kees Van Berkelhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-9298Carla van der Kallenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1468-8793Annemarie Kosterhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-7391Hans Bosmahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4333-4564Tos TJM Berendschothttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-939XAlfons JHM Houbenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-8452Nicole Dukers-Muijrershttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4896-758XJoop P van den Berghhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3984-2232Abraham A Kroonhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7750-8249Iris M Kanerahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6863-2096 BackgroundModern lifestyle risk factors, like physical inactivity and poor nutrition, contribute to rising rates of obesity and chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Particularly personalized interventions have been shown to be effective for long-term behavior change. Machine learning can be used to uncover insights without predefined hypotheses, revealing complex relationships and distinct population clusters. New data-driven approaches, such as the factor probabilistic distance clustering algorithm, provide opportunities to identify potentially meaningful clusters within large and complex datasets. ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify potential clusters and relevant variables among individuals with obesity using a data-driven and hypothesis-free machine learning approach. MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from individuals with abdominal obesity from The Maastricht Study. Data (2971 variables) included demographics, lifestyle, biomedical aspects, advanced phenotyping, and social factors (cohort 2010). The factor probabilistic distance clustering algorithm was applied in order to detect clusters within this high-dimensional data. To identify a subset of distinct, minimally redundant, predictive variables, we used the statistically equivalent signature algorithm. To describe the clusters, we applied measures of central tendency and variability, and we assessed the distinctiveness of the clusters through the emerged variables using the F test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables at a confidence level of α=.001 ResultsWe identified 3 distinct clusters (including 4128/9188, 44.93% of all data points) among individuals with obesity (n=4128). The most significant continuous variable for distinguishing cluster 1 (n=1458) from clusters 2 and 3 combined (n=2670) was the lower energy intake (mean 1684, SD 393 kcal/day vs mean 2358, SD 635 kcal/day; P<.001). The most significant categorical variable was occupation (P<.001). A significantly higher proportion (1236/1458, 84.77%) in cluster 1 did not work compared to clusters 2 and 3 combined (1486/2670, 55.66%; P<.001). For cluster 2 (n=1521), the most significant continuous variable was a higher energy intake (mean 2755, SD 506.2 kcal/day vs mean 1749, SD 375 kcal/day; P<.001). The most significant categorical variable was sex (P<.001). A significantly higher proportion (997/1521, 65.55%) in cluster 2 were male compared to the other 2 clusters (885/2607, 33.95%; P<.001). For cluster 3 (n=1149), the most significant continuous variable was overall higher cognitive functioning (mean 0.2349, SD 0.5702 vs mean –0.3088, SD 0.7212; P<.001), and educational level was the most significant categorical variable (P<.001). A significantly higher proportion (475/1149, 41.34%) in cluster 3 received higher vocational or university education in comparison to clusters 1 and 2 combined (729/2979, 24.47%; P<.001). ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that a hypothesis-free and fully data-driven approach can be used to identify distinguishable participant clusters in large and complex datasets and find relevant variables that differ within populations with obesity.https://medinform.jmir.org/2025/1/e64479 |
| spellingShingle | Maik JM Beuken Melanie Kleynen Susy Braun Kees Van Berkel Carla van der Kallen Annemarie Koster Hans Bosma Tos TJM Berendschot Alfons JHM Houben Nicole Dukers-Muijrers Joop P van den Bergh Abraham A Kroon Iris M Kanera Identification of Clusters in a Population With Obesity Using Machine Learning: Secondary Analysis of The Maastricht Study JMIR Medical Informatics |
| title | Identification of Clusters in a Population With Obesity Using Machine Learning: Secondary Analysis of The Maastricht Study |
| title_full | Identification of Clusters in a Population With Obesity Using Machine Learning: Secondary Analysis of The Maastricht Study |
| title_fullStr | Identification of Clusters in a Population With Obesity Using Machine Learning: Secondary Analysis of The Maastricht Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of Clusters in a Population With Obesity Using Machine Learning: Secondary Analysis of The Maastricht Study |
| title_short | Identification of Clusters in a Population With Obesity Using Machine Learning: Secondary Analysis of The Maastricht Study |
| title_sort | identification of clusters in a population with obesity using machine learning secondary analysis of the maastricht study |
| url | https://medinform.jmir.org/2025/1/e64479 |
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