Immune Modulation Effect of Administration of Rice Bran Extract with Increased Solubility Fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> UBC-V88 in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice Model
There is a global and increasing demand for natural ingredients that support the human immune response. In this study, the immunomodulatory effect and mechanism of action of rice bran extract fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> was investigated. The potential immunomodulatory effect of f...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Gi-Jung Kim Yelim Jang Ji-Yoon Hong Kyoung-Tae Kwon Dae-Weon Kim Dae-Jung Kang Sung-Joo Hwang Jung-Yun Lee Emmanouil Apostolidis Young-In Kwon |
| author_facet | Gi-Jung Kim Yelim Jang Ji-Yoon Hong Kyoung-Tae Kwon Dae-Weon Kim Dae-Jung Kang Sung-Joo Hwang Jung-Yun Lee Emmanouil Apostolidis Young-In Kwon |
| author_sort | Gi-Jung Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is a global and increasing demand for natural ingredients that support the human immune response. In this study, the immunomodulatory effect and mechanism of action of rice bran extract fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> was investigated. The potential immunomodulatory effect of fermented rice bran (FRB) and processed rice bran (RB) was evaluated using male BALB/c mice whose immunity was lowered by Cyclophosphamide (CY). The changes in the weight of the thymus and the spleen, immunoglobulins, and cytokine expressions were measured as biomarkers of immunomodulating potential after 14 days of oral administration of FRB and RB (0.5 g/kg-body weight (b.w.), respectively). The FRB and RB groups treated with CY resulted in increased weight of the thymus (1.73 ± 0.40 and 1.45 ± 0.43 mg/g-b.w., respectively) compared to the CY-treated control group (1.05 ± 0.36 mg/g-b.w.). The levels of the immunoglobulin (Ig) G in the group treated with FRB (21.98 ± 2.17, <i>p</i> < 0.01) were significantly increased when compared to the RB group (18.48 ± 1.52 μg/mL, <i>p</i> < 0.01). The expression of serum cytokines, including IL-1α (<i>p</i> < 0.05), IL-2 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), IL-6 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), IL-12 p70 (<i>p</i> < 0.01), IFN-γ (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and TNF-α (<i>p</i> < 0.01) were also significantly increased by the administration of FRB (0.5 g/kg-b.w.). Similarly, the expression of spleen cytokines, including IL-1α (<i>p</i> < 0.05), IL-2 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), IFN-γ (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and TNF-α (<i>p</i> < 0.05), was also significantly increased in the group receiving the FRB (0.5 g/kg-b.w.). The natural killer cell (NK) cell activities at a 1:25 ratio of YAC-1 cells to splenocytes were significantly increased in positive control red ginseng extract 0.5 g/kg (38.64 ± 2.13%, <i>p</i> < 0.05), FRB (34.85 ± 3.45%, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and RB (25.00 ± 4.18%), compared to that of negative control CY group (12.67 ± 3.23%). These results suggest that FRB administration could stimulate the innate immune system by increasing the expression of cytokines in splenocytes and serum, especially IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12 (p70), which are associated with TNF-α and NK cell activities. The above results could provide the biochemical rationale to further evaluate the use of FRB for immunomodulatory applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-778ffc4630cf4ee0bc3c46976210dbde |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-778ffc4630cf4ee0bc3c46976210dbde2025-01-24T13:21:10ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-01-0115287610.3390/app15020876Immune Modulation Effect of Administration of Rice Bran Extract with Increased Solubility Fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> UBC-V88 in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice ModelGi-Jung Kim0Yelim Jang1Ji-Yoon Hong2Kyoung-Tae Kwon3Dae-Weon Kim4Dae-Jung Kang5Sung-Joo Hwang6Jung-Yun Lee7Emmanouil Apostolidis8Young-In Kwon9Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of KoreaMNH Bio, Co., Ltd., Dongtan-Biz Tower 609, Dongtanchemdansaneop 1-ro, Hwasaeong-si 18169, Republic of KoreaMNH Bio, Co., Ltd., Dongtan-Biz Tower 609, Dongtanchemdansaneop 1-ro, Hwasaeong-si 18169, Republic of KoreaErom R&D Center, EROM Co., Ltd., Uiwang-si 16006, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Chemistry and Food Science, Framingham State University, Framingham, MA 01701, USADepartment of Chemistry and Food Science, Framingham State University, Framingham, MA 01701, USADepartment of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of KoreaThere is a global and increasing demand for natural ingredients that support the human immune response. In this study, the immunomodulatory effect and mechanism of action of rice bran extract fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> was investigated. The potential immunomodulatory effect of fermented rice bran (FRB) and processed rice bran (RB) was evaluated using male BALB/c mice whose immunity was lowered by Cyclophosphamide (CY). The changes in the weight of the thymus and the spleen, immunoglobulins, and cytokine expressions were measured as biomarkers of immunomodulating potential after 14 days of oral administration of FRB and RB (0.5 g/kg-body weight (b.w.), respectively). The FRB and RB groups treated with CY resulted in increased weight of the thymus (1.73 ± 0.40 and 1.45 ± 0.43 mg/g-b.w., respectively) compared to the CY-treated control group (1.05 ± 0.36 mg/g-b.w.). The levels of the immunoglobulin (Ig) G in the group treated with FRB (21.98 ± 2.17, <i>p</i> < 0.01) were significantly increased when compared to the RB group (18.48 ± 1.52 μg/mL, <i>p</i> < 0.01). The expression of serum cytokines, including IL-1α (<i>p</i> < 0.05), IL-2 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), IL-6 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), IL-12 p70 (<i>p</i> < 0.01), IFN-γ (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and TNF-α (<i>p</i> < 0.01) were also significantly increased by the administration of FRB (0.5 g/kg-b.w.). Similarly, the expression of spleen cytokines, including IL-1α (<i>p</i> < 0.05), IL-2 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), IFN-γ (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and TNF-α (<i>p</i> < 0.05), was also significantly increased in the group receiving the FRB (0.5 g/kg-b.w.). The natural killer cell (NK) cell activities at a 1:25 ratio of YAC-1 cells to splenocytes were significantly increased in positive control red ginseng extract 0.5 g/kg (38.64 ± 2.13%, <i>p</i> < 0.05), FRB (34.85 ± 3.45%, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and RB (25.00 ± 4.18%), compared to that of negative control CY group (12.67 ± 3.23%). These results suggest that FRB administration could stimulate the innate immune system by increasing the expression of cytokines in splenocytes and serum, especially IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12 (p70), which are associated with TNF-α and NK cell activities. The above results could provide the biochemical rationale to further evaluate the use of FRB for immunomodulatory applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/876fermented rice bran<i>Lentinus edodes</i>innate immuneNK cell activityIL-12 |
| spellingShingle | Gi-Jung Kim Yelim Jang Ji-Yoon Hong Kyoung-Tae Kwon Dae-Weon Kim Dae-Jung Kang Sung-Joo Hwang Jung-Yun Lee Emmanouil Apostolidis Young-In Kwon Immune Modulation Effect of Administration of Rice Bran Extract with Increased Solubility Fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> UBC-V88 in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice Model Applied Sciences fermented rice bran <i>Lentinus edodes</i> innate immune NK cell activity IL-12 |
| title | Immune Modulation Effect of Administration of Rice Bran Extract with Increased Solubility Fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> UBC-V88 in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice Model |
| title_full | Immune Modulation Effect of Administration of Rice Bran Extract with Increased Solubility Fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> UBC-V88 in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice Model |
| title_fullStr | Immune Modulation Effect of Administration of Rice Bran Extract with Increased Solubility Fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> UBC-V88 in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune Modulation Effect of Administration of Rice Bran Extract with Increased Solubility Fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> UBC-V88 in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice Model |
| title_short | Immune Modulation Effect of Administration of Rice Bran Extract with Increased Solubility Fermented by <i>Lentinus edodes</i> UBC-V88 in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice Model |
| title_sort | immune modulation effect of administration of rice bran extract with increased solubility fermented by i lentinus edodes i ubc v88 in cyclophosphamide treated mice model |
| topic | fermented rice bran <i>Lentinus edodes</i> innate immune NK cell activity IL-12 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/876 |
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