Functional polymeric materials for hard water treatment a comprehensive review
Abstract Hard water, characterized by elevated concentrations of calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions, poses substantial challenges to domestic, industrial, and environmental systems. Conventional treatment methods—such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane separation—are often l...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Springer
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Discover Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s43939-025-00360-1 |
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