An Exceptionally Powerful, Radiatively Driven Ultrafast Outflow in the Rapidly Accreting AGN RE J1034+396
We report the analysis of ∼1 Ms of XMM-Newton observations of the rapidly accreting active galactic nucleus RE J1034+396. The 0.3–9 keV EPIC-pn spectra are well described by a model consisting of steep continuum emission from the corona accompanied by relativistically blurred reflection from a highl...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Chloe S. Taylor Daniel R. Wilkins Steven W. Allen |
| author_facet | Chloe S. Taylor Daniel R. Wilkins Steven W. Allen |
| author_sort | Chloe S. Taylor |
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| description | We report the analysis of ∼1 Ms of XMM-Newton observations of the rapidly accreting active galactic nucleus RE J1034+396. The 0.3–9 keV EPIC-pn spectra are well described by a model consisting of steep continuum emission from the corona accompanied by relativistically blurred reflection from a highly ionized accretion disk. The source is known to exhibit strong excess soft X-ray emission, which we show is well represented by thermal disk photons Comptonized by a warm plasma spanning the inner accretion flow. Additionally, the EPIC-pn data provide compelling evidence (Δ C ∼ 60 for four additional parameters) for the presence of an ultrafast outflow (UFO) with a line-of-sight velocity $v/c=0.30{7}_{-0.005}^{+0.001}$ , and an emission signature consistent with reflection of the corona from modestly ionized, outflowing gas. The simultaneous 0.5–2.5 keV RGS spectra show clear absorption lines. Modelling of these data confirms the presence of the UFO and constrains its equivalent hydrogen column density, log N _H /(atom cm ^−2 ) = ${21.7}_{-0.2}^{+0.1}$ . The RGS data also reveal at least two warm absorber components with a modest outflow velocity ( $168{0}_{-50}^{+40}$ km s ^−1 ). The measured properties and time evolution of the UFO in RE J1034+396 suggest that it is formed from collisionally ionized plasma, launched from the disk surface and accelerated by radiation pressure. The high terminal velocity and substantial absorbing column density imply that the outflow carries sufficient momentum and energy to transform its environment, being capable of driving out essentially all dust and gas it interacts with along the line of sight, even if the AGN were initially surrounded by a Compton-thick absorber. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-5dc6656ba1bf4b879d166fa63dbf22f42025-01-21T07:29:45ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01979210110.3847/1538-4357/ad9f3eAn Exceptionally Powerful, Radiatively Driven Ultrafast Outflow in the Rapidly Accreting AGN RE J1034+396Chloe S. Taylor0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3117-3476Daniel R. Wilkins1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4794-5998Steven W. Allen2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0667-5941Department of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; ctaylor9@stanford.edu, swa@stanford.edu; Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; dan.wilkins@stanford.eduKavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; dan.wilkins@stanford.eduDepartment of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; ctaylor9@stanford.edu, swa@stanford.edu; Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; dan.wilkins@stanford.edu; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USAWe report the analysis of ∼1 Ms of XMM-Newton observations of the rapidly accreting active galactic nucleus RE J1034+396. The 0.3–9 keV EPIC-pn spectra are well described by a model consisting of steep continuum emission from the corona accompanied by relativistically blurred reflection from a highly ionized accretion disk. The source is known to exhibit strong excess soft X-ray emission, which we show is well represented by thermal disk photons Comptonized by a warm plasma spanning the inner accretion flow. Additionally, the EPIC-pn data provide compelling evidence (Δ C ∼ 60 for four additional parameters) for the presence of an ultrafast outflow (UFO) with a line-of-sight velocity $v/c=0.30{7}_{-0.005}^{+0.001}$ , and an emission signature consistent with reflection of the corona from modestly ionized, outflowing gas. The simultaneous 0.5–2.5 keV RGS spectra show clear absorption lines. Modelling of these data confirms the presence of the UFO and constrains its equivalent hydrogen column density, log N _H /(atom cm ^−2 ) = ${21.7}_{-0.2}^{+0.1}$ . The RGS data also reveal at least two warm absorber components with a modest outflow velocity ( $168{0}_{-50}^{+40}$ km s ^−1 ). The measured properties and time evolution of the UFO in RE J1034+396 suggest that it is formed from collisionally ionized plasma, launched from the disk surface and accelerated by radiation pressure. The high terminal velocity and substantial absorbing column density imply that the outflow carries sufficient momentum and energy to transform its environment, being capable of driving out essentially all dust and gas it interacts with along the line of sight, even if the AGN were initially surrounded by a Compton-thick absorber.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9f3eActive galaxies |
| spellingShingle | Chloe S. Taylor Daniel R. Wilkins Steven W. Allen An Exceptionally Powerful, Radiatively Driven Ultrafast Outflow in the Rapidly Accreting AGN RE J1034+396 The Astrophysical Journal Active galaxies |
| title | An Exceptionally Powerful, Radiatively Driven Ultrafast Outflow in the Rapidly Accreting AGN RE J1034+396 |
| title_full | An Exceptionally Powerful, Radiatively Driven Ultrafast Outflow in the Rapidly Accreting AGN RE J1034+396 |
| title_fullStr | An Exceptionally Powerful, Radiatively Driven Ultrafast Outflow in the Rapidly Accreting AGN RE J1034+396 |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Exceptionally Powerful, Radiatively Driven Ultrafast Outflow in the Rapidly Accreting AGN RE J1034+396 |
| title_short | An Exceptionally Powerful, Radiatively Driven Ultrafast Outflow in the Rapidly Accreting AGN RE J1034+396 |
| title_sort | exceptionally powerful radiatively driven ultrafast outflow in the rapidly accreting agn re j1034 396 |
| topic | Active galaxies |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9f3e |
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