Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulations of the HLA-G Gene
HLA-G has a relevant role in immune response regulation. The overall structure of the HLA-G coding region has been maintained during the evolution process, in which most of its variable sites are synonymous mutations or coincide with introns, preserving major functional HLA-G properties. The HLA-G p...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2014-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Immunology Research |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/734068 |
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| author | Erick C. Castelli Luciana C. Veiga-Castelli Layale Yaghi Philippe Moreau Eduardo A. Donadi |
| author_facet | Erick C. Castelli Luciana C. Veiga-Castelli Layale Yaghi Philippe Moreau Eduardo A. Donadi |
| author_sort | Erick C. Castelli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | HLA-G has a relevant role in immune response regulation. The overall structure of the HLA-G coding region has been maintained during the evolution process, in which most of its variable sites are synonymous mutations or coincide with introns, preserving major functional HLA-G properties. The HLA-G promoter region is different from the classical class I promoters, mainly because (i) it lacks regulatory responsive elements for IFN-γ and NF-κB, (ii) the proximal promoter region (within 200 bases from the first translated ATG) does not mediate transactivation by the principal HLA class I transactivation mechanisms, and (iii) the presence of identified alternative regulatory elements (heat shock, progesterone and hypoxia-responsive elements) and unidentified responsive elements for IL-10, glucocorticoids, and other transcription factors is evident. At least three variable sites in the 3′ untranslated region have been studied that may influence HLA-G expression by modifying mRNA stability or microRNA binding sites, including the 14-base pair insertion/deletion, +3142C/G and +3187A/G polymorphisms. Other polymorphic sites have been described, but there are no functional studies on them. The HLA-G coding region polymorphisms might influence isoform production and at least two null alleles with premature stop codons have been described. We reviewed the structure of the HLA-G promoter region and its implication in transcriptional gene control, the structure of the HLA-G 3′UTR and the major actors of the posttranscriptional gene control, and, finally, the presence of regulatory elements in the coding region. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-55b8277d1e2943cd96dfb667b05bc62c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2314-8861 2314-7156 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2014-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Immunology Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-55b8277d1e2943cd96dfb667b05bc62c2025-02-03T01:02:48ZengWileyJournal of Immunology Research2314-88612314-71562014-01-01201410.1155/2014/734068734068Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulations of the HLA-G GeneErick C. Castelli0Luciana C. Veiga-Castelli1Layale Yaghi2Philippe Moreau3Eduardo A. Donadi4Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, BrazilDivision of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, BrazilAlternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Department of Hematology and Immunology Research, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, FranceAlternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Department of Hematology and Immunology Research, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, FranceDivision of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, BrazilHLA-G has a relevant role in immune response regulation. The overall structure of the HLA-G coding region has been maintained during the evolution process, in which most of its variable sites are synonymous mutations or coincide with introns, preserving major functional HLA-G properties. The HLA-G promoter region is different from the classical class I promoters, mainly because (i) it lacks regulatory responsive elements for IFN-γ and NF-κB, (ii) the proximal promoter region (within 200 bases from the first translated ATG) does not mediate transactivation by the principal HLA class I transactivation mechanisms, and (iii) the presence of identified alternative regulatory elements (heat shock, progesterone and hypoxia-responsive elements) and unidentified responsive elements for IL-10, glucocorticoids, and other transcription factors is evident. At least three variable sites in the 3′ untranslated region have been studied that may influence HLA-G expression by modifying mRNA stability or microRNA binding sites, including the 14-base pair insertion/deletion, +3142C/G and +3187A/G polymorphisms. Other polymorphic sites have been described, but there are no functional studies on them. The HLA-G coding region polymorphisms might influence isoform production and at least two null alleles with premature stop codons have been described. We reviewed the structure of the HLA-G promoter region and its implication in transcriptional gene control, the structure of the HLA-G 3′UTR and the major actors of the posttranscriptional gene control, and, finally, the presence of regulatory elements in the coding region.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/734068 |
| spellingShingle | Erick C. Castelli Luciana C. Veiga-Castelli Layale Yaghi Philippe Moreau Eduardo A. Donadi Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulations of the HLA-G Gene Journal of Immunology Research |
| title | Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulations of the HLA-G Gene |
| title_full | Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulations of the HLA-G Gene |
| title_fullStr | Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulations of the HLA-G Gene |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulations of the HLA-G Gene |
| title_short | Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulations of the HLA-G Gene |
| title_sort | transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations of the hla g gene |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/734068 |
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