The Impact of Informal Digital Learning of English (IDLE) on EFL Learners’ Engagement: Mediating Roles of Flow, Online Self-Efficacy, and Behavioral Intention

In the evolving landscape of online language learning, informal digital learning of English (IDLE) plays a crucial role, particularly among English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. Previous research has investigated the direct impact of IDLE on EFL learners’ engagement. However, little attentio...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Fang Fang, Yaru Meng, Lingjie Tang, Yu Cui
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Behavioral Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/7/851
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