Determinants and geographic distribution of unimproved sanitation facilities in sub-Saharan Africa, spatial and multilevel analysis using demographic and health survey (DHS) data

Abstract Background One-third of the population in sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to adequate hygiene and sanitation facilities. Many still lack decent and functional toilets, impacting health, dignity, and development. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the geographical distribution and...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Lidetu Demoze, Mitkie Tigabie, Eshetu Abera Worede, Helen Brhan, Zemichael Gizaw, Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye, Gelila Yitageasu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-08-01
Series:BMC Public Health
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24184-z
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