HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence
Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediat...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2017-01-01
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| Series: | Mediators of Inflammation |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6825493 |
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| author | T. Sokoya H. C. Steel M. Nieuwoudt T. M. Rossouw |
| author_facet | T. Sokoya H. C. Steel M. Nieuwoudt T. M. Rossouw |
| author_sort | T. Sokoya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Systemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediators, dysfunctional T regulatory cells, and a pattern of T-cell-senescent phenotypes similar to those seen in the elderly. These changes predispose HIV-infected persons to comorbid conditions that have been linked to immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In the antiretroviral treatment era, development of such non-AIDS-defining, age-related comorbidities is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategies aimed at curtailing persistent immune activation and inflammation may help prevent the development of these conditions. At present, the most effective strategy appears to be early antiretroviral treatment initiation. No other treatment interventions have been found effective in large-scale clinical trials, and no adjunctive treatment is currently recommended in international HIV treatment guidelines. This article reviews the role of systemic immune activation in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, its causes and the clinical implications linked to immunosenescence in adults, and the therapeutic interventions that have been investigated. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4e3bd2a22c7b4c98b47a6b65d1b7e1e1 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0962-9351 1466-1861 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2017-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mediators of Inflammation |
| spelling | doaj-art-4e3bd2a22c7b4c98b47a6b65d1b7e1e12025-08-20T02:38:46ZengWileyMediators of Inflammation0962-93511466-18612017-01-01201710.1155/2017/68254936825493HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and ImmunosenescenceT. Sokoya0H. C. Steel1M. Nieuwoudt2T. M. Rossouw3Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaSouth African Department of Science and Technology (DST)/National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South AfricaDepartment of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaSystemic immune activation has emerged as an essential component of the immunopathogenesis of HIV. It not only leads to faster disease progression, but also to accelerated decline of overall immune competence. HIV-associated immune activation is characterized by an increase in proinflammatory mediators, dysfunctional T regulatory cells, and a pattern of T-cell-senescent phenotypes similar to those seen in the elderly. These changes predispose HIV-infected persons to comorbid conditions that have been linked to immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In the antiretroviral treatment era, development of such non-AIDS-defining, age-related comorbidities is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategies aimed at curtailing persistent immune activation and inflammation may help prevent the development of these conditions. At present, the most effective strategy appears to be early antiretroviral treatment initiation. No other treatment interventions have been found effective in large-scale clinical trials, and no adjunctive treatment is currently recommended in international HIV treatment guidelines. This article reviews the role of systemic immune activation in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, its causes and the clinical implications linked to immunosenescence in adults, and the therapeutic interventions that have been investigated.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6825493 |
| spellingShingle | T. Sokoya H. C. Steel M. Nieuwoudt T. M. Rossouw HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence Mediators of Inflammation |
| title | HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
| title_full | HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
| title_fullStr | HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
| title_full_unstemmed | HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
| title_short | HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence |
| title_sort | hiv as a cause of immune activation and immunosenescence |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6825493 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tsokoya hivasacauseofimmuneactivationandimmunosenescence AT hcsteel hivasacauseofimmuneactivationandimmunosenescence AT mnieuwoudt hivasacauseofimmuneactivationandimmunosenescence AT tmrossouw hivasacauseofimmuneactivationandimmunosenescence |