The Immune Landscape and Its Potential for Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer
Biliary tract cancers (BTC) are a highly heterogeneous group of cancers at the genomic, epigenetic and molecular levels. The vast majority of patients initially present at an advanced (unresectable) disease stage due to a lack of symptoms and an aggressive tumour biology. Chemotherapy has been the m...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Current Oncology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/1/24 |
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| author | Andry Santoso Iris Levink Rille Pihlak Ian Chau |
| author_facet | Andry Santoso Iris Levink Rille Pihlak Ian Chau |
| author_sort | Andry Santoso |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biliary tract cancers (BTC) are a highly heterogeneous group of cancers at the genomic, epigenetic and molecular levels. The vast majority of patients initially present at an advanced (unresectable) disease stage due to a lack of symptoms and an aggressive tumour biology. Chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment in patients with advanced BTC but the survival outcomes and prognosis remain poor. The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) to chemotherapy have shown only a marginal benefit over chemotherapy alone due to the complex tumour immune microenvironment of these cancers. This review appraises our current understanding of the immune landscape of advanced BTC, including emerging transcriptome-based classifications, highlighting the mechanisms of immune evasion and resistance to ICI and their therapeutic implications. It describes the shifting treatment paradigm from traditional chemotherapy to immunotherapy combinations as well as the potential biomarkers for predicting response to ICI. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4e05332e6f2f47e197ee4c4af7eaa2ba |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1198-0052 1718-7729 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Current Oncology |
| spelling | doaj-art-4e05332e6f2f47e197ee4c4af7eaa2ba2025-01-24T13:28:23ZengMDPI AGCurrent Oncology1198-00521718-77292024-12-013212410.3390/curroncol32010024The Immune Landscape and Its Potential for Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract CancerAndry Santoso0Iris Levink1Rille Pihlak2Ian Chau3Gastrointestinal Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UKGastrointestinal Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UKUniversity Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton BN1 9RW, UKGastrointestinal Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UKBiliary tract cancers (BTC) are a highly heterogeneous group of cancers at the genomic, epigenetic and molecular levels. The vast majority of patients initially present at an advanced (unresectable) disease stage due to a lack of symptoms and an aggressive tumour biology. Chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment in patients with advanced BTC but the survival outcomes and prognosis remain poor. The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) to chemotherapy have shown only a marginal benefit over chemotherapy alone due to the complex tumour immune microenvironment of these cancers. This review appraises our current understanding of the immune landscape of advanced BTC, including emerging transcriptome-based classifications, highlighting the mechanisms of immune evasion and resistance to ICI and their therapeutic implications. It describes the shifting treatment paradigm from traditional chemotherapy to immunotherapy combinations as well as the potential biomarkers for predicting response to ICI.https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/1/24cholangiocarcinomabiliary tract cancerimmune microenvironmentimmunotherapy |
| spellingShingle | Andry Santoso Iris Levink Rille Pihlak Ian Chau The Immune Landscape and Its Potential for Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer Current Oncology cholangiocarcinoma biliary tract cancer immune microenvironment immunotherapy |
| title | The Immune Landscape and Its Potential for Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer |
| title_full | The Immune Landscape and Its Potential for Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer |
| title_fullStr | The Immune Landscape and Its Potential for Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Immune Landscape and Its Potential for Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer |
| title_short | The Immune Landscape and Its Potential for Immunotherapy in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer |
| title_sort | immune landscape and its potential for immunotherapy in advanced biliary tract cancer |
| topic | cholangiocarcinoma biliary tract cancer immune microenvironment immunotherapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/1/24 |
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