Global increases of salt intrusion in estuaries under future environmental conditions

Abstract In recent years, increased salt intrusion in surface waters has threatened freshwater availability in coastal regions worldwide. Yet, current future projections of salt intrusion are limited to local regions or changes to single forcing agents. Here, we quantify compounding contributions fr...

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Main Authors: Jiyong Lee, Bouke Biemond, Daan van Keulen, Ymkje Huismans, René M. van Westen, Huib E. de Swart, Henk A. Dijkstra, Wouter M. Kranenburg
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58783-6
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author Jiyong Lee
Bouke Biemond
Daan van Keulen
Ymkje Huismans
René M. van Westen
Huib E. de Swart
Henk A. Dijkstra
Wouter M. Kranenburg
author_facet Jiyong Lee
Bouke Biemond
Daan van Keulen
Ymkje Huismans
René M. van Westen
Huib E. de Swart
Henk A. Dijkstra
Wouter M. Kranenburg
author_sort Jiyong Lee
collection DOAJ
description Abstract In recent years, increased salt intrusion in surface waters has threatened freshwater availability in coastal regions worldwide. Yet, current future projections of salt intrusion are limited to local regions or changes to single forcing agents. Here, we quantify compounding contributions from changes in river discharge and relative sea level to changing future salt intrusion under a high-emission scenario (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, SSP3-7.0) for 18 estuaries around the world. We find that the annual 90th percentile future salt intrusion is projected to increase between 1.3% and 18.2% (median 9.1%) in 89% of the studied estuaries worldwide. Our analysis also indicates that, on average, sea-level rise contributes approximately two times more to increasing future salt intrusion than reduced river discharge. We further show that the return levels of present-day 100-year salt intrusion events are projected to increase between 3.2% and 25.2% (median 10.2%) in 83% of the studied estuaries.
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spelling doaj-art-4b8c04bf6ffd4c1e846c512d406c901b2025-08-20T03:18:32ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-04-011611910.1038/s41467-025-58783-6Global increases of salt intrusion in estuaries under future environmental conditionsJiyong Lee0Bouke Biemond1Daan van Keulen2Ymkje Huismans3René M. van Westen4Huib E. de Swart5Henk A. Dijkstra6Wouter M. Kranenburg7Department of Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht UniversityDepartment of Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht UniversityDeltaresDeltaresDepartment of Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht UniversityDepartment of Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht UniversityDepartment of Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht UniversityDeltaresAbstract In recent years, increased salt intrusion in surface waters has threatened freshwater availability in coastal regions worldwide. Yet, current future projections of salt intrusion are limited to local regions or changes to single forcing agents. Here, we quantify compounding contributions from changes in river discharge and relative sea level to changing future salt intrusion under a high-emission scenario (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, SSP3-7.0) for 18 estuaries around the world. We find that the annual 90th percentile future salt intrusion is projected to increase between 1.3% and 18.2% (median 9.1%) in 89% of the studied estuaries worldwide. Our analysis also indicates that, on average, sea-level rise contributes approximately two times more to increasing future salt intrusion than reduced river discharge. We further show that the return levels of present-day 100-year salt intrusion events are projected to increase between 3.2% and 25.2% (median 10.2%) in 83% of the studied estuaries.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58783-6
spellingShingle Jiyong Lee
Bouke Biemond
Daan van Keulen
Ymkje Huismans
René M. van Westen
Huib E. de Swart
Henk A. Dijkstra
Wouter M. Kranenburg
Global increases of salt intrusion in estuaries under future environmental conditions
Nature Communications
title Global increases of salt intrusion in estuaries under future environmental conditions
title_full Global increases of salt intrusion in estuaries under future environmental conditions
title_fullStr Global increases of salt intrusion in estuaries under future environmental conditions
title_full_unstemmed Global increases of salt intrusion in estuaries under future environmental conditions
title_short Global increases of salt intrusion in estuaries under future environmental conditions
title_sort global increases of salt intrusion in estuaries under future environmental conditions
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58783-6
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