Estimating school and teacher effects on students’ academic performance using multilevel models with three or more levels: a literature review

Abstract This systematic review presents the first synthesis of the scientific literature on estimating school and teacher/class effects on student academic performance using random-effects (RE) models with three or more levels. The review delves into the theoretical framework underpinning the estim...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Lei Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-01-01
Series:Discover Education
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-024-00392-4
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