Contemporary Normative Values for Five Common Static Standing Tasks on Firm and Compliant Floor Surfaces in Children Two to Thirteen Years
Background/Objectives: Static upright tasks, including standing unsupported (SU), eyes closed (SEC), feet together (SFT), tandem (TS), and single limb (SLS), are routinely examined in children and are included in many norm-referenced measures. Existing normative values for these standing tasks may n...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Children |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/35 |
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| author | Nancy S. Darr Mary Rose Franjoine Cathey Norton Brenda L. Young |
| author_facet | Nancy S. Darr Mary Rose Franjoine Cathey Norton Brenda L. Young |
| author_sort | Nancy S. Darr |
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| description | Background/Objectives: Static upright tasks, including standing unsupported (SU), eyes closed (SEC), feet together (SFT), tandem (TS), and single limb (SLS), are routinely examined in children and are included in many norm-referenced measures. Existing normative values for these standing tasks may not apply to contemporary children and have not been established across wide age ranges. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate developmental trajectories of and relationships between four static standing positions (SPs [SU, SFT, TS, SLS]) in children aged 2 through 13 years who are developing typically. The effects of altered sensory input, including floor surface (firm and compliant) and vision (eyes open [SU] and eyes closed [SEC]), as well as influences of sex, height, weight, and BMI on static standing were also examined. Methods: Children (<i>n</i> = 807) developing typically performed two trials of each task up to 2 minutes per trial using standardized procedures. A total of 482 children were also tested on a compliant surface. Results: Descriptive statistics were calculated by age, height, weight, task, and floor surface. Two-way ANOVA showed no significant effects (<i>p</i> > 0.05) of sex on standing times; however, age was significant for all standing tasks. Repeated-measure ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests identified significant effects (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of age and floor surface on standing times. SU, SEC, and SFT times increased up to 8 years, with most children achieving the 2 minute maximum by age 8. TS and SLS times improved up through 13 years, with wide variations in performance noted in children 8 years and older. Conclusions: Contemporary normative performance values are provided for five common standing tasks on firm and compliant surfaces by age in one-year increments. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-42c3643324e64855a81997af5c7dde84 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj-art-42c3643324e64855a81997af5c7dde842025-01-24T13:27:04ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672024-12-011213510.3390/children12010035Contemporary Normative Values for Five Common Static Standing Tasks on Firm and Compliant Floor Surfaces in Children Two to Thirteen YearsNancy S. Darr0Mary Rose Franjoine1Cathey Norton2Brenda L. Young3School of Physical Therapy, Belmont University, 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USAScott Bieler College of Health Professions, Daemen University, 4380 Main Street, Amherst, NY 14226, USASchool of Physical Therapy, Belmont University, 1900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USAGlobal and Local Sustainability, Daemen University, 4380 Main Street, Amherst, NY 14226, USABackground/Objectives: Static upright tasks, including standing unsupported (SU), eyes closed (SEC), feet together (SFT), tandem (TS), and single limb (SLS), are routinely examined in children and are included in many norm-referenced measures. Existing normative values for these standing tasks may not apply to contemporary children and have not been established across wide age ranges. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate developmental trajectories of and relationships between four static standing positions (SPs [SU, SFT, TS, SLS]) in children aged 2 through 13 years who are developing typically. The effects of altered sensory input, including floor surface (firm and compliant) and vision (eyes open [SU] and eyes closed [SEC]), as well as influences of sex, height, weight, and BMI on static standing were also examined. Methods: Children (<i>n</i> = 807) developing typically performed two trials of each task up to 2 minutes per trial using standardized procedures. A total of 482 children were also tested on a compliant surface. Results: Descriptive statistics were calculated by age, height, weight, task, and floor surface. Two-way ANOVA showed no significant effects (<i>p</i> > 0.05) of sex on standing times; however, age was significant for all standing tasks. Repeated-measure ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests identified significant effects (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of age and floor surface on standing times. SU, SEC, and SFT times increased up to 8 years, with most children achieving the 2 minute maximum by age 8. TS and SLS times improved up through 13 years, with wide variations in performance noted in children 8 years and older. Conclusions: Contemporary normative performance values are provided for five common standing tasks on firm and compliant surfaces by age in one-year increments.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/35childrenstatic balancenormsfloor surfacevision |
| spellingShingle | Nancy S. Darr Mary Rose Franjoine Cathey Norton Brenda L. Young Contemporary Normative Values for Five Common Static Standing Tasks on Firm and Compliant Floor Surfaces in Children Two to Thirteen Years Children children static balance norms floor surface vision |
| title | Contemporary Normative Values for Five Common Static Standing Tasks on Firm and Compliant Floor Surfaces in Children Two to Thirteen Years |
| title_full | Contemporary Normative Values for Five Common Static Standing Tasks on Firm and Compliant Floor Surfaces in Children Two to Thirteen Years |
| title_fullStr | Contemporary Normative Values for Five Common Static Standing Tasks on Firm and Compliant Floor Surfaces in Children Two to Thirteen Years |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contemporary Normative Values for Five Common Static Standing Tasks on Firm and Compliant Floor Surfaces in Children Two to Thirteen Years |
| title_short | Contemporary Normative Values for Five Common Static Standing Tasks on Firm and Compliant Floor Surfaces in Children Two to Thirteen Years |
| title_sort | contemporary normative values for five common static standing tasks on firm and compliant floor surfaces in children two to thirteen years |
| topic | children static balance norms floor surface vision |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/35 |
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