Risk stratification and scoring systems in upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: review of performance and limitations in the emergency department

BackgroundGastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), which includes both upper GIB (variceal and non-variceal) and lower GIB, represents a significant cause of emergency department referrals.Main bodyGiven the potential risks of blood transfusion, re-bleeding, and mortality in these patients, it is essential...

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Main Authors: Fatemeh Mohammadyari, Amirreza Aflak, Mahta ZareDini, Reza Irandoost, Saeed Ghaffari, Arsham Gharib, Minaalsadat Roshanaei, Mazyar Tahavori, Sepehr Olangian-Tehrani
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-06-01
Series:Frontiers in Medicine
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1564015/full
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