Identifying Risk Factors for Secondary Infection Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients With Severe and Critical COVID-19
Emerging evidence has unveiled the secondary infection as one of the mortal causes of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the factors related to secondary bacterial or fungi infection remains largely unexplored. We here systematically investigated the factors that might contribute to secondary infection....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.715023/full |
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| author | Mingquan Guo Mingquan Guo Menglu Gao Jing Gao Tengfei Zhang Xin Jin Jian Fan Qianying Wang Xin Li Jian Chen Zhaoqin Zhu |
| author_facet | Mingquan Guo Mingquan Guo Menglu Gao Jing Gao Tengfei Zhang Xin Jin Jian Fan Qianying Wang Xin Li Jian Chen Zhaoqin Zhu |
| author_sort | Mingquan Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Emerging evidence has unveiled the secondary infection as one of the mortal causes of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the factors related to secondary bacterial or fungi infection remains largely unexplored. We here systematically investigated the factors that might contribute to secondary infection. By clinical examination index analysis of patients, combined with the integrative analysis with RNA-seq analysis in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolated shortly from initial infection, this study showed that the antibiotic catabolic process and myeloid cell homeostasis were activated while the T-cell response were relatively repressed in those with the risk of secondary infection. Further monitoring analysis of immune cell and liver injury analysis showed that the risk of secondary infection was accompanied by severe lymphocytopenia at the intermediate and late stages and liver injury at the early stages of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the metagenomics analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the microbial culture analysis, to some extent, showed that the severe pneumonia-related bacteria have already existed in the initial infection. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3582a281bbff4582bfa4ede4dea3e2e4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-3582a281bbff4582bfa4ede4dea3e2e42025-01-24T11:52:02ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242021-09-011210.3389/fimmu.2021.715023715023Identifying Risk Factors for Secondary Infection Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients With Severe and Critical COVID-19Mingquan Guo0Mingquan Guo1Menglu Gao2Jing Gao3Tengfei Zhang4Xin Jin5Jian Fan6Qianying Wang7Xin Li8Jian Chen9Zhaoqin Zhu10Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaShanghai Institute of Phage, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, ChinaEmerging evidence has unveiled the secondary infection as one of the mortal causes of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the factors related to secondary bacterial or fungi infection remains largely unexplored. We here systematically investigated the factors that might contribute to secondary infection. By clinical examination index analysis of patients, combined with the integrative analysis with RNA-seq analysis in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolated shortly from initial infection, this study showed that the antibiotic catabolic process and myeloid cell homeostasis were activated while the T-cell response were relatively repressed in those with the risk of secondary infection. Further monitoring analysis of immune cell and liver injury analysis showed that the risk of secondary infection was accompanied by severe lymphocytopenia at the intermediate and late stages and liver injury at the early stages of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the metagenomics analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the microbial culture analysis, to some extent, showed that the severe pneumonia-related bacteria have already existed in the initial infection.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.715023/fullSARS-CoV-2secondary infectionimmune responsemetagenomicsrisk factors |
| spellingShingle | Mingquan Guo Mingquan Guo Menglu Gao Jing Gao Tengfei Zhang Xin Jin Jian Fan Qianying Wang Xin Li Jian Chen Zhaoqin Zhu Identifying Risk Factors for Secondary Infection Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients With Severe and Critical COVID-19 Frontiers in Immunology SARS-CoV-2 secondary infection immune response metagenomics risk factors |
| title | Identifying Risk Factors for Secondary Infection Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients With Severe and Critical COVID-19 |
| title_full | Identifying Risk Factors for Secondary Infection Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients With Severe and Critical COVID-19 |
| title_fullStr | Identifying Risk Factors for Secondary Infection Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients With Severe and Critical COVID-19 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identifying Risk Factors for Secondary Infection Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients With Severe and Critical COVID-19 |
| title_short | Identifying Risk Factors for Secondary Infection Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients With Severe and Critical COVID-19 |
| title_sort | identifying risk factors for secondary infection post sars cov 2 infection in patients with severe and critical covid 19 |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 secondary infection immune response metagenomics risk factors |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.715023/full |
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