A Comparative Study of the Differential Deep Penetration of Energetic Electrons, Protons, and Heavy Ions Into the Low‐L Region

Abstract Energetic particle deep penetration into low L‐shells (L < 4) impacts the dynamics of the radiation belts and ring current. Previous studies reported that electrons penetrate more frequently, deeply, and faster than protons of similar energies, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. In t...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Rui Chen, Hong Zhao, Sam Califf, Cristian Ferradas, Mei‐Ching Fok
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-07-01
Series:Geophysical Research Letters
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116646
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!